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Drinking behaviors of women at religious gathering (kou) based on the case study in Akita、講と女性-秋田藩桧山町の事例から、女性の飲酒


Issued in 19921992年発行
出所:「講と女性-秋田藩桧山町の事例から」『年報能代市研究』2、能代市史編纂室
Author: Kikuchi Keiko、菊池慶子
人の楽しみの発見度:Excellent ★★★

 

Houketsu was the chief priest of Jomyou-ji (temple, the photo below) in Akita prefecture (northern Japan). His temple is in a town (Hiyama) by a highway.

He wrote diary from 1864 to 1898 which included the local life. His records about women’s behaviors especially drinking attracted me! Local women not only drank at religious gathering (kou) but also came to the temple to drink. Although Meiji Restoration occurred back then (in 1868), they enjoyed their life well. It is a 15-page academic paper in Japanese.

Gate of the Jomyo-ji, Noshiro.jpg - Wikipedia、浄妙寺山門 by 掬茶さん

 

Contents 目次

1. Kinds of kou gatherings and outline、講の種類と行事の内容
2. Women’s drinking、女性の飲酒例
The fifth-day-kou in Jan. of 1866、 五日講(18661月)
The fourth-day-kou in Mar. of 1869、四日講(1869/明治23月)
Women’s gathering at the temple、女性たちのお寺での会
Women’s who came to the temple to drink、お寺に飲みに来る女性たち
Women’s gathering out of the temple in Apr. of 1865、お寺以外での女性の集まり(嫁講、18654月)

 

旧秋田藩の檜山町は、現在の秋田県能代市の内陸部にあります。秋田藩(佐竹藩)の武士や、街道沿いや宿駅の町家に暮らす人びとがいた町です。

この地に、浄土真宗の浄明寺(写真上)があり、その16世法傑が1864(文久4)年から1898(明治31)年までの日記を残しました。町の人びとの暮しにも触れています。

論文の著者は、檜山町に暮らした女性たちの生活実態を、への参加と飲酒という2点で明らかにしています。結構、ハチャメチャな振る舞いの記録で、昔の人の楽しみを知りたい私には、ぴったりの資料でした。

15ページの論文ですが、その中から講とその内容、そして法傑さんが見た女性の様々な飲酒について抜き出します。

 

 

1. Kinds of kou gatherings and outline

Three major kou were held at the temple in a month.

The 28th -day-kou was a monthly anniversary of the sect founder's (Shinran) passing. Towners who were also supporters of the temple attended it. They chanted a sutra, listened to a monk's sermon and had a meal.

The fifth-day-kou (samurai also attended) and the fourth-day-kou (towners attended mainly) were initiated by the monk (Houketsu).

Supporters (towners) prepared meals or lunch boxes by turns. Both men and women attended in some kou gatherings.



2. Women’s drinking

● The fifth-day-kou in Jan. of 1866

Sixteen women attended it. Half of they were not busy housewives but retired ones (grandmothers and so on). They left house chores to their daughter, so they had leeway to drink.

They went to the temple at around noon, chanted a sutra, drunk tea and had a party with sake (alcohol). Ten dishes including local foods (seaweeds, ego) and seasonal ones (Butterbur shoot) were served; soup and sake were of course delivered. It was luxurious back then.

At the sunset, they finished the party, however, two of them continued drinking.

 

● The fourth-day-kou in Mar. of 1869

Less than twenty men and women gathered. After chanting a sutra, they had a blast until sunset.

A man showed various performances, they danced and so on. The monk wrote “I’ve never such a kou before.” Even after the kou, three men and a woman sang and danced. He wrote “A woman with common sense also sang. It’s a fuss.”

Meiji Restoration occurred the year before, the internal war occurred in the area last November. BUT, it seemed that it was not a matter for them.

 

● Women’s gathering at the temple

Locals gathered at the temple except for Buddhist rituals and kou, too.

Seven or eight people had a picnic at the temple; they enjoyed sakura cherry blossom viewing in 1865.

The monk also registered that many women came to the temple and had a wild party until dawn in the same year. They went out more easily than now, I just guess. Or, they had some reason due to the dramatic social change.

 

● Women’s who came to the temple to drink

The monk (Houketsu) liked drinking so much and loved socializing.

Moreover, there was probably a habit to entertain guests with sake instead of tea. Some women visited the temple to be entertained by sake.

(1) Evening on the 18th of April in 1864

Asano’s mother, wife and daughter brought their hand-made sake. However, the monk asked them to back to their home because he already had a guest.

(2) 27th of July in 1864

Sakujiro’s wife came and asked me to serve sake; she drank and returned.

(3) 16th of January in 1865

Masugata’s wife and Yamada’s mother came into kitchen and drunk unfiltered sake. After my guest returned, I invited them to the guest room and served refined sake. They drunk it, got drunk so much and returned.

(4) 28th of February in 1865

Masugata’s wife and Yamada’s mother came. They said they wanted leftover sake of the 28th -day-kou. Unfortunately, there was no leftovers, so he served new one. I was frankly disgusted with their behavior.

 

The author says, “They were exceptional women. Generally, women drunk one or several cups of sake. They didn’t drink much.”

 

● Women’s gathering out of the temple in Apr. of 1865

Gathering of housewives was held at Yamada’s house.

Yamada’s mother came to the temple and said "My daughter-in-law holds a party in which young housewives gather." She added, “I retired, so it’s better for them that I am not in the house.” She brought a lunchbox and drank sake with the monk. The monk visited Yamada’s house at around 10PM; the young wives got excited with singing and chatting.

Mr. Yamada also came to the temple to avoid the noisy party in his house. He drank with the monk and his mother until around 11PM.

The young mothers freed themselves from mundane practice.

 

The author wrote, “A gathering such as kou would have been a chance for wives to enjoy singing and dancing while talking their thoughts and daily complains. It freed them from housework, and it would be important chance to exchange.” The author also mentioned the relationship was probably the base of mutual aids concerning housework and childcare.

I agree!

 

I'm chasing the life of a farmer family through their diary (Yoshino’s daily life 01). The lifestyle was similar; some women drunk, men and women joined kou together in which sake was served.  A gathering in a village such as kou took a crucial role of socializing and solving issues, I think.

 

Reference article: Kou in Nagareyama (published in 1991)

 

 

Chanting of a kou group
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/agc/item/2018719426/resource/

 

 

1.講の種類と行事の内容

寺で行われた(集まり)には、毎月28日の親鸞上人の命日に行われる二十八日講、法傑が始めた五日講(武家も参加)や四日講(町人中心)などがありました。

二十八日講の参加者は町人の檀家で、読経、法話などの勤行の後、「御斎」と呼ばれる飲食の会が開かれました。講の運営は当番制で、弁当やお膳を準備。男女が出席する講もありました。

 

 

2.女性の飲酒例

● 五日講(18661月)

参加者は女性16でした。家を取り仕切る主婦ではなく、祖母、母の世代の参加者が半分を占めました。これは女性の飲酒の特徴です。彼女たちは家事を嫁に任せて、自由に動ける身だったと思います。

昼時に集合、勤行、お茶。続いて酒肴。秋田名産の海藻製品・ゑごを始め、ふきのとうの酢味噌、煮豆など9品とよせ豆腐、吸い物とお酒が出ました。豪華です。

日暮れでお開きをなりましたが、小嶋さんの奥さん、浅野さんのお母さんは引き続き、御酒膳。終而帰る」とのことでした。

 

● 四日講(1869/明治23月)

参加者は男女20人弱勤行の後は、どんちゃん騒ぎになりました。日没まで大騒ぎです。

五郎右衛門さんが諸芸を披露し、ささらなどが始まり、“前代未聞之事也”。日暮れから深夜まで、“跡引きと称し、弟蔵・金平・お吉・六十郎、各々うたい舞。お岩までうたを始める。大サワギ也” とのこと。

前年は、秋田庄内戊辰戦争が11月まであり、官軍側の秋田藩が勝利をした年です。でも、関係ないかもしれません。

 

● 女性たちのお寺での会

仏事や講以外のでもお寺に集まって会を開いています。

1865417日は花見遊山。七、八人で集まりました。

同年閏520日には、女性たちが大人数で寺に押しかけ、明け方まで騒ぎました。外出が今より自由かもしれませんね。それとも、明治維新を前に、思うところがあったのかも。

 

酒を求めてお寺に来る女性たち

法傑さんは、無類の酒好きで人好きのお坊さんだったようです。その人柄で、女性も集まり、お酒も楽しんだのでしょう。

加えて、檜山町では、お茶代わりに酒で客をもてなす風習が根付いていたようだと書かれています。お寺に飲みに来る女性たちが紹介されています。

11864418日夜:浅野家の祖母、母、娘が、自家製の濁り酒を手に来たが、来客があったので帰ってもらった。

21864727日:作二郎さんの奥さんが来て、酒を求め呑んで帰った。

31865116日:升形さんの奥さんと山田さんのお母さんが来て、台所で濁り酒を飲んでいた。お客さんが帰ったので座敷に招き清酒を出したら「大酔いにて帰る」。

41865228日:28日講の日です。升形さんの奥さんと山田さんのお母さんが又来ました。講の余りの酒を飲みに来たというが、無かったので、「清酒調為参」。やれやれ。

 

但し、上記の方々は特別なようで、一般的には、“女性たちの酒の呑み方は、『一盃』あるいは『二、三献』とみえることが多く、さほど量は多くなかったようである” 書かれています。

 

● お寺以外での女性の集まり(嫁講、186548日)

山田家を会場に、嫁たちによる会が開かれました。

山田さんの母は、年寄りは邪魔だと、弁当を持って寺にやって来て、法傑さん相手に酒を飲んで時間を潰しました。法傑さんは、午後10時過ぎに山田家の様子をのぞきに行っていますが、歌や雑談で大盛り上がりだったと記載しています。

山田家の主は、大騒ぎの家には入らず、寺に来て、法傑さんや母と酒をくみ交わし、11時頃に戻ったそうです。若いお母さんたち、やりますねえ。

 

著者は、“講は嫁どうしが歌や踊りで楽しみながら日頃の思いのたけをぶつけ合い、存分に自己を解放し得る場であったろうし、なにより嫁どうしの交流の場としても大事な機会であったろう” としています。また、家事や育児の相互助力を支えたのだろうと書いています。そうでしょうねえ。

 

私が日記を追いかけている吉野家にも酒を飲む女性がいますし、男女で講を開き、お酒を出した記録もあります。浄明寺さんほどのことはないにしても、お酒をたしなみ、交流を深めていたと思います。

 

参考記事(さまざまな講について書かれています):流山の講 (1991)

 

 

Previous post (Museum in central Japan): Akiyama-gou community hall (2/2)、秋山郷総合センター・とねんぼ(その2)

Next post (Peaceful days and funs of a village head from 1802 to 1864、名主の日々と楽しみ): Days of a village head in 19th century 1(千葉県流山の名主日記)

 


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