Drinking behaviors of women at religious gathering (kou) based on the case study in Akita、講と女性-秋田藩桧山町の事例から、女性の飲酒
Author: Kikuchi Keiko、菊池慶子
Houketsu was the chief priest of Jomyou-ji
(temple, the photo below) in Akita prefecture (northern Japan). His temple is in
a town (Hiyama) by a highway.
He wrote diary from 1864 to 1898 which
included the local life. His records about women’s behaviors especially drinking
attracted me! Local women not only drank at religious gathering (kou) but also
came to the temple to drink. Although Meiji Restoration occurred back then (in
1868), they enjoyed their life well. It is a 15-page academic paper in Japanese.
Gate of the Jomyo-ji, Noshiro.jpg - Wikipedia、浄妙寺山門 by 掬茶さん
Contents 目次
2. Women’s drinking、女性の飲酒例
・The fifth-day-kou in Jan. of 1866、 五日講(1866年1月)
・The fourth-day-kou in Mar. of 1869、四日講(1869/明治2年3月)
・Women’s gathering at the temple、女性たちのお寺での会
・Women’s who came to the temple to drink、お寺に飲みに来る女性たち
・Women’s gathering out of the temple in Apr. of 1865、お寺以外での女性の集まり(嫁講、1865年4月)
旧秋田藩の檜山町は、現在の秋田県能代市の内陸部にあります。秋田藩(佐竹藩)の武士や、街道沿いや宿駅の町家に暮らす人びとがいた町です。
この地に、浄土真宗の浄明寺(写真上)があり、その16世法傑が1864(文久4)年から1898(明治31)年までの日記を残しました。町の人びとの暮しにも触れています。
論文の著者は、檜山町に暮らした女性たちの生活実態を、講への参加と飲酒という2点で明らかにしています。結構、ハチャメチャな振る舞いの記録で、昔の人の楽しみを知りたい私には、ぴったりの資料でした。
15ページの論文ですが、その中から講とその内容、そして法傑さんが見た女性の様々な飲酒について抜き出します。
1. Kinds of kou gatherings and outline
Three major kou were held at the temple in a month.
The 28th -day-kou was a monthly
anniversary of the sect founder's (Shinran) passing. Towners who were also
supporters of the temple attended it. They chanted a sutra, listened to a
monk's sermon and had a meal.
The fifth-day-kou (samurai also
attended) and the fourth-day-kou (towners attended mainly) were initiated
by the monk (Houketsu).
Supporters (towners) prepared meals or
lunch boxes by turns. Both men and women attended
in some kou gatherings.
2. Women’s drinking
● The fifth-day-kou in Jan. of
1866
Sixteen women attended it. Half of they were not busy housewives but retired ones
(grandmothers and so on). They left house chores to their daughter, so they
had leeway to drink.
They went to the temple at around noon, chanted a sutra, drunk tea and had a party with sake
(alcohol). Ten dishes including local foods (seaweeds, ego) and seasonal
ones (Butterbur shoot) were served; soup and sake were of course delivered. It was
luxurious back then.
At the sunset, they finished the party, however, two of them continued drinking.
● The fourth-day-kou in Mar. of
1869
Less than twenty men and women gathered. After chanting a sutra, they had a blast until sunset.
A man showed various performances, they
danced and so on. The monk wrote “I’ve never such a kou before.” Even
after the kou, three men and a woman sang and danced. He wrote “A woman
with common sense also sang. It’s a fuss.”
Meiji Restoration occurred the year before,
the internal war occurred in the area last November. BUT, it seemed that it was
not a matter for them.
● Women’s gathering at the temple
Locals gathered at the temple except for
Buddhist rituals and kou, too.
Seven or eight people had a picnic at the
temple; they enjoyed sakura cherry blossom viewing in 1865.
The monk also registered that many women
came to the temple and had a wild party until dawn in the same year.
They went out more easily than now, I just guess. Or, they had some reason due
to the dramatic social change.
● Women’s who came to the temple to drink
The monk (Houketsu) liked drinking so much
and loved socializing.
Moreover, there was probably a habit to
entertain guests with sake instead of tea. Some women visited the temple to
be entertained by sake.
(1) Evening on the 18th of April
in 1864
Asano’s mother, wife and daughter brought
their hand-made sake. However, the monk asked them to back to their home
because he already had a guest.
(2) 27th of July in 1864
Sakujiro’s wife came and asked me to serve
sake; she drank and returned.
(3) 16th of January in 1865
Masugata’s wife and Yamada’s mother came
into kitchen and drunk unfiltered sake. After my guest returned, I invited them
to the guest room and served refined sake. They drunk it, got drunk so much and
returned.
(4) 28th of February in 1865
Masugata’s wife and Yamada’s mother came. They
said they wanted leftover sake of the 28th -day-kou. Unfortunately,
there was no leftovers, so he served new one. I was frankly disgusted with
their behavior.
The author says, “They were exceptional
women. Generally, women drunk one or several cups of sake. They didn’t
drink much.”
● Women’s gathering out of the temple in Apr. of 1865
Gathering of housewives was held at
Yamada’s house.
Yamada’s mother came to the temple and said
"My daughter-in-law holds a party in which young housewives gather."
She added, “I retired, so it’s better for them that I am not in the house.” She
brought a lunchbox and drank sake with the monk. The monk visited Yamada’s
house at around 10PM; the young wives got excited with singing and chatting.
Mr. Yamada also came to the temple to avoid
the noisy party in his house. He drank with the monk and his mother until
around 11PM.
The young mothers freed themselves from
mundane practice.
The author wrote, “A gathering such as kou
would have been a chance for wives to enjoy singing and dancing while talking
their thoughts and daily complains. It freed them from housework, and it
would be important chance to exchange.” The author also mentioned the
relationship was probably the base of mutual aids concerning housework and
childcare.
I agree!
I'm chasing the life of a farmer family
through their diary (Yoshino’s daily life 01). The lifestyle was similar; some women drunk, men and women
joined kou together in which sake was served. A gathering in a village such as kou
took a crucial role of socializing and solving issues, I think.
Reference article: Kou in Nagareyama (published in 1991)
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/agc/item/2018719426/resource/
1.講の種類と行事の内容
寺で行われた講(集まり)には、毎月28日の親鸞上人の命日に行われる二十八日講、法傑が始めた五日講(武家も参加)や四日講(町人中心)などがありました。
二十八日講の参加者は町人の檀家で、読経、法話などの勤行の後、「御斎」と呼ばれる飲食の会が開かれました。講の運営は当番制で、弁当やお膳を準備。男女が出席する講もありました。
2.女性の飲酒例
● 五日講(1866年1月)
参加者は女性16人でした。家を取り仕切る主婦ではなく、祖母、母の世代の参加者が半分を占めました。これは女性の飲酒の特徴です。彼女たちは家事を嫁に任せて、自由に動ける身だったと思います。
昼時に集合、勤行、お茶。続いて酒肴。秋田名産の海藻製品・ゑごを始め、ふきのとうの酢味噌、煮豆など9品とよせ豆腐、吸い物とお酒が出ました。豪華です。
日暮れでお開きをなりましたが、小嶋さんの奥さん、浅野さんのお母さんは引き続き、「御酒膳。終而帰る」とのことでした。
● 四日講(1869/明治2年3月)
参加者は男女20人弱。勤行の後は、どんちゃん騒ぎになりました。日没まで大騒ぎです。
五郎右衛門さんが諸芸を披露し、ささらなどが始まり、“前代未聞之事也”。日暮れから深夜まで、“跡引きと称し、弟蔵・金平・お吉・六十郎、各々うたい舞。お岩までうたを始める。大サワギ也” とのこと。
前年は、秋田庄内戊辰戦争が11月まであり、官軍側の秋田藩が勝利をした年です。でも、関係ないかもしれません。
● 女性たちのお寺での会
仏事や講以外のでもお寺に集まって会を開いています。
1865年4月17日は花見遊山。七、八人で集まりました。
同年閏5月20日には、女性たちが大人数で寺に押しかけ、明け方まで騒ぎました。外出が今より自由かもしれませんね。それとも、明治維新を前に、思うところがあったのかも。
● 酒を求めてお寺に来る女性たち
法傑さんは、無類の酒好きで人好きのお坊さんだったようです。その人柄で、女性も集まり、お酒も楽しんだのでしょう。
加えて、檜山町では、お茶代わりに酒で客をもてなす風習が根付いていたようだと書かれています。お寺に飲みに来る女性たちが紹介されています。
(1)1864年4月18日夜:浅野家の祖母、母、娘が、自家製の濁り酒を手に来たが、来客があったので帰ってもらった。
(2)1864年7月27日:作二郎さんの奥さんが来て、酒を求め呑んで帰った。
(3)1865年1月16日:升形さんの奥さんと山田さんのお母さんが来て、台所で濁り酒を飲んでいた。お客さんが帰ったので座敷に招き清酒を出したら「大酔いにて帰る」。
(4)1865年2月28日:28日講の日です。升形さんの奥さんと山田さんのお母さんが又来ました。講の余りの酒を飲みに来たというが、無かったので、「清酒調為参」。やれやれ。
但し、上記の方々は特別なようで、一般的には、“女性たちの酒の呑み方は、『一盃』あるいは『二、三献』とみえることが多く、さほど量は多くなかったようである”
書かれています。
● お寺以外での女性の集まり(嫁講、1865年4月8日)
山田家を会場に、嫁たちによる会が開かれました。
山田さんの母は、年寄りは邪魔だと、弁当を持って寺にやって来て、法傑さん相手に酒を飲んで時間を潰しました。法傑さんは、午後10時過ぎに山田家の様子をのぞきに行っていますが、歌や雑談で大盛り上がりだったと記載しています。
山田家の主は、大騒ぎの家には入らず、寺に来て、法傑さんや母と酒をくみ交わし、11時頃に戻ったそうです。若いお母さんたち、やりますねえ。
著者は、“講は嫁どうしが歌や踊りで楽しみながら日頃の思いのたけをぶつけ合い、存分に自己を解放し得る場であったろうし、なにより嫁どうしの交流の場としても大事な機会であったろう”
としています。また、家事や育児の相互助力を支えたのだろうと書いています。そうでしょうねえ。
私が日記を追いかけている吉野家にも酒を飲む女性がいますし、男女で講を開き、お酒を出した記録もあります。浄明寺さんほどのことはないにしても、お酒をたしなみ、交流を深めていたと思います。
参考記事(さまざまな講について書かれています):流山の講 (1991)
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