Contents 目次
Ⅰ. Real state of holidays、遊びのありよう (Part 1)
Ⅱ. Increasing of holidays、増大する遊びの日 (Part 1)
Ⅲ. Momentum to defeat the regulation、規制をのりこえる潮流 (Part 2/This article、本記事))
Ⅲ Momentum to defeat the regulation、規制をのりこえる潮流
1.No regulation about holidays in the early and middle Edo period (17th to 18th century)、規制の埒外の時代-近世前・中期
There
were Shogun’s territory and Daimyo lords’ ones in the Edo period when
Tokugawa Shogun ruled Japan.
In
Shogun’s territory, there were not regulations about holidays. The shogunate required people to be
frugal on ordinary days, but they didn’t require anything on holidays. Although
administrative documents were issued which prohibited performances on holidays,
they didn’t crack down.
In
Daimyo’s territories, performances were prohibited or controlled. However,
there wasn’t a regulation about holiday itself such as the number of days,
except for northern Japan (Tohoku).
Shogun’s castle in Tokyo is used as the imperial palace since 1868、旧江戸城
幕府領では、休日を直接規制したものは見当たりません。平日の行いは質素倹約を旨に規制しましたが、休日は規制の埒外でした。勧進興行物の禁止など規制文書は出ていますが取締の事実がないそうです。大目に見たということですね。農民達のガス抜きです。
一方、各藩では、勧進興行物等は禁止・規制されていましたが、休日日数など休日そのものの規制はありませんでした。規制を出したのは、近世前・中期の奥羽諸藩だけでした。
2.Holidays were regulated in the late Edo period (around the 19th
century)、遊び日化規制の時代-近世後期(18世紀末以降)
The
regulations tell us how people enjoyed precious holidays. It’s interesting.
(1) Ordinal days and holidays
A
samurai officer in Nagano issued a guideline
regarding farmers in the mid-19th century. Two of sixteen clauses
referred to holidays.
- If you have enough provisions, you
can hold not only a village shrine festival but also hold ones to
prevent of typhoon, insect damage and drought. On days of rest, you had
better gather, enjoy, take a rest and reward yourself for your work on ordinal
days. It is possible to play board games (go, shougi), sumo
wrestling, fireworks and so on. However, don’t play the shamisen
Japanese guitar, or have a drinking bout.
- Keeping public morals is important.
Younger people should refrain from drinking. Even middle-aged people should
drink moderately, never drink too much. You must not have a drinking bout with
pals.
Drinking
had caused problems probably. Although the author wrote that the samurai
reconfirmed the granted right of the freedom on holidays, I think it was strict
that people couldn’t gather and drink a lot. Btw, in the village of Chiba
prefecture, villagers gathered and drank frequently. (Yoshino’s daily life 12, October to December
in 1850)
In
Iida region of Nagano, a regulation issued about a meal and a drink in 1788.
The restriction about a party was applied only for an ordinal day, not a
holiday. It was same as the other villages. Therefore, farmers could eat and
drink freely on holidays; it’s a fun time!
However, the shogunate started Tempo Reforms
in 1841 in order to reconstruct finance and so on; To be frugal was
required, and the regulation which prohibited a rally and a drinking party was
issued. It’s doubtful whether people obeyed it or not.
Btw,
Nagano is a highland region where conveyance was difficult. Although tax was paid by rice back then, tax wasn’t paid by heavy rice but money in Nagano. Farmers sold rice to sake brewers and got money. I know now the reason why there are many brewers in Nagano.
Talking
about “Sumo wrestling event”, playing a match among villagers in order
to dedicate it to a shrine could be done under the approval of a lord. However,
commercial matches in which professional wrestlers were invited were
prohibited. In 1788, the shogunate sumo permitted it, but prohibited in around
1800 again. There was severe restriction about sumo which have been the most
popular event in Japan.
Commercial sumo event in 1852 at Ryogoku of Edo (Ryogoku station) and the match in 1960. 取り組みは、1960年の大鵬・北葉山戦。大鵬は初優勝(Fukagawa Edo museum(Part2) 江東区深川江戸資料館(2))
規制の内容から、人々が何をしていたかが読み取れて面白いです。
(1)平日と遊び日
上田藩の代官が幕末(開港前後)に出した「惣百姓へ申諭書」(百姓の心得、全16条)の中の二つの条に休日について書かれています。
・食物が乏しくないならば、鎮守祭りはもちろん、風祭り、虫祭り、雨祭り、農休の日は、村中、心易きもの思い思いに打ち寄り、相応に楽しみを致し、肩をも休め、平日の艱難を忘るべし。もちろん、碁、将棋、相撲、花火など苦しからず。仮にも、三味線など好むべからず、また、男女寄り集まり酒宴致す義、堅く慎むべし。
・風俗は大切なるものにて(中略)、年若のものは、尤も酒を飲むことを慎み、例え年いたしても程よく飲み、決して大酒すべからず、例え休日たりとも、数人打ち寄せ酒宴いたすこと皆々無用たるべく(下略)。
代官は、「遊び日は当然に遊楽自由の日である」という原理を再確認したと筆者は書きますが、酒や集まりについては中々厳しいです。千葉県芝崎村では、事ある毎に領主から酒が送られ、村民で飲んでいました(Yoshino’s daily life 12(1850年晩秋))
飯田領では、1788年、平日は、懇意の者の会では、「一汁三菜、吸物一つ、酒肴二種に限り候」と規制があるが、休日の場合は規制がありません。他の村でも同様です。休日は大手を振って呑める日、盛り上がる日ですね。ところが、天保の改革の倹約令を受け、「集会・酒宴等致し候義、堅く無用に候」という規制が出てました。村人は従ったのか、疑問です。
ところで、信州は高い山に囲まれているので、年貢の金納が多く、米を酒蔵に売って金に換えていました。酒造会社が多いはずです。
「相撲」については、神前奉納される木戸銭無しの素人相撲であれば、領主・代官の許可があれば禁制ではありませんでしたが、相撲渡世者を招いての有料興行は禁じられていました。1774年の幕府触では、これを認めた。その後、寛政・文政の改革で再び禁止されてしまいます。相撲興行に手厳しいですね。
(2) Regulation about the number of holidays、遊び日日数規制
In
Suzaka region of Nagano, the regulation was issued, but it is doubtful whether
it worked or not. In the other regions, it was issued as part of a frugal ordinance
by each village.
須坂藩が1786年に早くも規制を出していますが、実効性は疑わしいそうです。他藩では倹約令の一環として、主に村単位で日数規制が出されたそうです。
(3) Transition of clampdowns of
festivals and entertainments
Festivals
and entertainments were strictly controlled during Kansei Reforms (1787-1793)
which aimed to reconstruct finance and keep social morals. Chanting sutra of Bon rite, Kagura
dancing and sake dedicated to a god, Kabuki performance were prohibited. It was
terrible. There was no fun time.
However,
it didn't continue. A
cultural life flourished as a reaction to the Reforms. Then, Kantou (near
Tokyo) regional office strengthened regulations. People resisted it; for
example, they submitted a child dance event, but adults joined it and danced
for a few days including night time.
During
the Tempo Reforms (1841~43), Shinto rituals, religious festivals, and performances dedicated
to a shrine or a temple were prohibited.
Afterwards,
the shogunate restricted gambles and gamblers and deregulated festivals and
entertainments of villages. Because those were good vent for their
complains, and those prevented farmers to be addicted to gambling. Thereafter, villagers were not punished due to festivals and entertainments. However, they were punished in some cases; they didn’t submit an application, they did a completely different event from their application, they drunk too much and used violence. If samurai investigators didn’t visit the village, they weren’t punished of course.
In
Shimokawaji village of Nagano, ten-day Kabuki performance was held in 1834
and 1841. Stars were invited from Edo such as Kikugorou Onoe, Mitsugorou
Bandou and Danjurou Ichikawa. Admission and accommodation fees were charged, so
it was a commercial event which was often prohibited. Many audiences came from
other lords’ territories. It’s impossible to suppress the energy of people.
Kabuki、三枡の梅川と幸四郎の忠兵衛/鳥居清長画 (https://publicdomainq.net/torii-kiyonaga-0037212/)
(3)祭礼・遊芸の取り締まり
財政再建と綱紀粛正を行った寛政の改革(1787-1793)では、厳しく活動を規制しました。盆中大念仏の禁止、歌舞伎の禁止、神楽や神酒までも禁止しました。これはひどい。人生を楽しめませんね。
寛政の改革は反動がでて、「元の濁りの田沼恋しき」となり、化政文化が花開きました。しかし、1827年、関東取締出役が規制を強めます。民衆は抵抗したようで、子供踊りと申請し、大人も混じって数日間踊り明かすなどしました。郡上踊りみたいですね。
天保の改革(1841~43)で、またもや厳しく禁止されてしまいました。神事祭礼興行も禁止です。
その後、幕府の取締は、博奕・博徒に重点が置かれるようになり、弘化年間(1844~48)は、農民が博奕に向わないためのはけ口として村芝居などが大目に見られるようになりました。処罰の事例は、興行の事前届出をしなかったり、届出と全く違う興行をしたり、酒狂乱行に走ったものがほとんどで、それも、折悪しく足軽や同心等の隠密巡村に見つかったケースが多かったそうです。
下川路(しもかわじ)村(現飯田市)では、天保の改革の直前(1834年、1841年)に江戸歌舞伎を上演しました。三代目尾上菊五郎、四代目坂東三津五郎、七代目市川團十郎等の一座を招き、十日間の興行を木戸銭、泊まり賃をとって盛大に営んだといいますからビックリです。飯田領だけでなく、幕府領、高須領などからも観客が詰めかけている。人々のエネルギーを規制で抑えるのは無理ですね。
(4) Activities of lads’ group
Even
under regulation, lad’s groups leaded festivals and entertainments.
Events
became larger, and it took time for preparations such as meetings and
practices even on ordinary days. Lords and village officers considered that
village morals and the agricultural productivity became low. Because, after the
meeting, lads drunk, played, gambled and so on. I agree. It is written, “Recently, young
people are dressing worse. They grease too much and make unpleasant hairstyle.” They
showed off.
Their
energy also headed to womanizing.
At a post town, lads invited maids and children to drink and play with them.
They were extravagant and bothered their family and relatives. Some families
were forced to relinquish inherited land and house. Too bad!
Ex-post town in Fukushima pref. in around 1900、福島県天栄村の牧之内宿(Ten-ei Culture and Tradition Museum、天栄村ふるさと文化伝承館)
Village
officers made regulation of lads.
The author wrote that the number of documents about it was numerous. In some
villages, “Lads’ group” itself was prohibited. The shogunate and lords
considered lads’ groups as the possible power to shake the existing domination.
The shogunate broke down in 1867. The society was becoming unstable at that
time. The rulers started suppressing the lads’ activities strongly.
Many
lords issued a regulation which prohibited lads’ group. In Nagano, Matsumoto-han (local government of a Daimyo lord) issued it in
1842, Takashima-han did it in 1852 and Ueda-han did it in 1856. In Kantou
region (near Tokyo), an official notice already issued in 1827 and 1829.
Lads
tried to gather in a different form, therefore, Hiroshima-han prohibited lads’
group, and limited religious groups at the same time (1850). Moreover, groups
of craftsmen or merchants were also prohibited.
On
the other hand, villages restricted entertainment on ordinary days; because
those were approved only on holidays traditionally. That’s natural. Village
officers forced lads’ groups to make letters of pledge and to promise self-restraint.
Parents kept an eye on lads more, but they didn’t order to dissolve the
lads’ group. Because adult villagers had been former members of the group,
and understood lads’ feelings.
Lads
continued unadmitted behavior, official regulations and letters of pledge were
issued again and again.
Btw,
many festivals were run for three days, not only one day. Because one day was
too short to reward efforts for preparation and practice for the festival.
“Pre-festival day”, “post-festival day” or “clean-up day” were added as a
holiday. In some area, people enjoy Bon dance for
three days and three nights even until now.
Reference: All night Bon dance you can
join. Gujo odri in Gihu pref.
http://www.gujohachiman.com/kanko/odori_e.html
Shiobara festival in 1915 in Tochigi pref. 塩原祭りは大正天皇の即位を祝ったのがはじまり(Nasunogahara Museum、那須野が原博物館)
(4)若者組の活動
規制下でも祭礼興行を実行した人びとの中心は若者組でした。
興行が肥大化してくると、その稽古や会合で、平日にも遊芸・酒興・奢侈・博奕等が広まり、農業懈怠を生み、村の規律を緩める、というのが、領主、村役人側の見方です。そりゃそうですね。「近年、若者共、風俗見苦しく相成り、鬢付け厚く、髪の結い方いろいろの風俗を好み」とカッコもつけたくなります。
若者のパワーは、女遊びにも向けられました。「旅駅に於いて、飯盛り体の女・子供を酒の相手、抔(すく)いに呼び寄せ、遊興に及び、多分の金銀を遣捨、親子・諸親類までへも難渋かけ、剰(あまつさ)え、先祖より遺跡の田畑家財までも沽却(こきゃく、売り払うこと)云々」と続きます。こりゃだめだ。
若者規制の取り決めが各村で行われ、その史料は「無数といってよいほどに多い」と記されています。若者組そのものの禁止に及ぶものもありました(1827年)。幕藩領主は、支配の基盤を崩す動因として若者組を見ていたのです。高校教科書(山川出版、2008)には、「豪農や地主が力をつける一方で、土地を失う百姓も多く発生して、荒廃地域が生じた。江戸を取り巻く関東の農村では、無宿人や博徒らによる治安の乱れも生じたため、幕府は1805(文化2)年、関東取締出役を設けて犯罪者の取り締まりにあたらせた。幕領・私領・寺社領の領主の違いを超えて、近隣の村々を組み合わせた寄場(よせば)組合をつくらせ、協同して地域の治安や風俗の取り締まりに当たらせて、農村秩序の維持などをはかった」と書かれています。幕府もやっきになっています。若者のエネルギーが幕藩の支配を揺るがすようになり、強権が発動されるようになりました。
天保期以降になると若者組を禁止する領主が続出します。松本領では1842年、高島領では1852年、上田領では1856年です。関八州では、既に1827年、1829年に若者仲間禁止触れが出されていました。
でも、若者は形を変えて集まりたがります。広島藩では若者組の禁止だけでなく、仏事講組の規模制限が同じ触書で発令されました(1850)。さらに、職人の太子講、町場商人の地場講などの集まりが禁止されました。
一方、村々では、平日に遊芸など遊び日の行事を行うことを規制します。まあ、当たり前ですね。若者組議定書を作らせて自制自律を約束させます。また、五人組として親の監視も強めます。親も村役人もかつては若者組のメンバーでしたから、若者組の気持ちは分かっていて、解散までは求めませんでした。
しかし、若者の不行跡は終わらず、禁令や議定書は引き続き出されまた。
なお、祭礼の興行の際の休日は、舞台の準備、稽古をしたのに一日の上演だけではもったいないということで、前祭り、後祭り・後仕舞いなどを加えて三日三晩にすることが多くなりました。確かに、「三日三晩踊り明かす」というような話をよく聞きますね。
Concluding remarks、おわりに
The
author summarized elaborately.
- Holiday was decided by village, not
by government. It initiated around 1700. The number of holidays a year was
twenty to thirty. There were festival holidays including the New Year holidays and
so. There were also days-off for taking a rest.
- The number of holidays increased
later on, it reached eighty in some villages. It was due to increment of
festival holiday, although days-off for taking a rest increased in order to secure
manpower in northern Japan.
- Afterwards, Negai (pleaded) holiday
and Katte (selfish) holiday emerged. Lads’ groups, helpers and lower-class
farmers pleaded with officers to make a holiday (Negai holiday), and they took
a holiday without approval (Katte holiday). Especially, lads’ groups started
shaking the existing order by requiring many holidays.
The government didn’t touch the practice of
holidays until the mid-Edo period. As villagers started entertainment even on
ordinary days, the government interfered it and prohibited the lads’ group.
However, the group was not actually prohibited. Lads just pledged
self-restraint to their village officers and continued festivals and
entertainment.
本書の内容が、丁寧にまとめられています。
・遊び日は、村が定めました。幕府や藩が定めたのではありません。遊び日の原型は、17世紀後半から18世紀のはじめにできたと考えられます。年間休日数は、20~30日程度で、神遊び、神祭りの日でした。正月・小正月・盆・五節句・産土社祭礼等に加えて、田植・稲刈り等の農休みがありました。
・その後、遊び日の数が増加し、最大では80日の村もありました。奥羽地方では、奉公人を確保するため、労働休養型の休日が増えましたが、全国的は祭礼型の休日の増加でした。
・さらに、願い遊び日、村規則に反する勝手遊び日も現れました。休日を要求したのは、奉公人、下層村民(離農した人達も)、若者組でした。特に、若者組は村の秩序を揺り動かしました。幕府や藩は、近世中期までは村の遊び日に対して干渉しませんでした。しかし、平日が遊び日化するにつれて、干渉を強め、若者組の禁止を命じるようになりました。しかし、村では若者組を禁止するのではなく、議定書で若者組の自制を強化しました。また、祭礼興行も継続しました。
Agricultural village in1908(https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/agc/item/2018719877/resource/)
Many
people think farmers worked around the clock in the feudal period, but it’s not
true. They had holidays besides the New Year’s Day and Bon. They released
energy on a festival day. In the Edo period, the foundation of living improved,
so people started exploring fun.
江戸時代の農民はほとんど休みなく働いていたというイメージがありますが、そうではありません。盆と正月以外にも休みがあり、祭りの日にはエネルギーを発散していました。衣食住を確保できたら、次は遊びですよね。
Reference: About farmers in the Edo
period:
百姓たちの江戸時代 Farmers in the Edo period (published in
2009)
Previous post (Part1 of this article、この記事のパート1):
Village holidays in the Edo period (1/2)、村の遊び日 (1/2)
Next post (A book about a village head's diary、大垣近くの庄屋の日記):
Rural society in the Edo period and life of the village head、庄屋日記にみる江戸の世相と暮らし
Comments
Post a Comment