Contents 目次
1. Nishijo village and Nishimatsu family、西条村西松家の周辺（Part1）
2. Life in river island and river
improvement、治水と輪中の暮らし（Part1）
3. Activities as a village head、庄屋としての活動（Part1）
4. Necessities of life (food, clothing
and housing) and annual events、衣食住と年中行事（Part2）
5. Diseases and death、病気と死亡（Part 3）
6. Women and helpers、女性たちと奉公人（Part 3）
7. Fun concerning hobbies、趣味の世界（Part 4 /this
article、この記事です）
8. Village budget, cost of living and
price fluctuation、村入用・生活費・物価（Part 4/this article、この記事です）
Chapter 7 ：Fun concerning
hobbies、趣味の世界
The
village head Gonbei, who wrote the diary and recorded his life, enjoyed ikebana
(flower arrangement) and haiku short poetry with his pals. His father
also enjoyed ikebana, and his son in law also enjoyed haiku. He had the other
hobby which was trip.
この日記を書いた庄屋の権兵衛は、同好の士と生け花や俳諧を楽しみました。生け花は父の代からで、俳諧は義理の息子の常三郎へと引き継がれていきました。常三郎は明治32年に美濃派の21世を継いでいます。そして、もう一つの趣味は旅行です。
1．Ikebana and growing chrysanthemum、生け花と菊作り
（1）Ikebana、生け花
Ikebana
at Goryou Chaya-honjin (lounge) in Gunma
Ikebana
events were held at a temple, which were very enjoyable.
In
October of 1823, eight men participated in the ikebana event and there were also
spectators. Every participant brought a lunchbox. After making ikebana, they
drunk while making a comment one another. Gonbei was just around twenty.
Recently,
women make ikebana mainly. However, it was the art initiated in temple, so many
men enjoyed it back then.
They
belonged to Ikenobo Society (https://www.ikenobo.jp/english/). At the event when the new branch
chief was appointed in 1828, more than fifty works were displayed. It was a
popular hobby.
In
1840, Gonbei and his friend visited the headmaster of Ikenobo in Kyoto. They
offered around $1000. Gonbei got a teacher license from the society in
1847. He was into ikebana flower arrangement.
The
number of ikebana lovers increased. In 1852, around 570 works were displayed at
the event. Gonbei noted it really flourished. The event venue spread to honjin
(hotel for daimyo lords and nobles) and village head’s residences from temples.
The
author wrote that people polished up their skill under a master. It's
good! It was the characteristic of the times that people devoted into a
painstaking hobby and enjoyed evolving the skill. It’s different from the
modern time in which people prefer easy hobbies such as watching videos, isn't
it? They had time to spend for their hobby over a long-term.
Goryou Chaya-honjin (lounge) in Gunma、五料の茶屋本陣（群馬県）
池坊の指導の下、お寺で生花会が開かれました。これが楽しい会ででした。
1823年10月の生花内会（著者は師匠を招かない身内の会が内会と推定しています）には、8名が参加し、他に見物人もいました。「各人、弁当持参で集まり、やがて作品を批評し合いながら酒を飲んでいる」とのことです。権兵衛は、まだ二十歳そこそこです。
参加者は男性で、女性が多い今とは違います。元々、寺で発達した技芸だから男性の愛好者が多いとのことで、納得。
1828年に地元の池坊生花会の新会頭が就任した時には、立花が20瓶、砂の物が2瓶、小品の生花が30ばかり作られたということで、大人気です。
1840年4月、権兵衛は友人と京都の家元を訪問し、一両を寄付。御坊様と面会しています。1847年に師範免状をもらいました。
生け花の愛好者は増え、1852年10月の花会（高田町）には、立花70余瓶、生花500瓶が出品され、権兵衛は「誠に大会也」と感心しています。会の場所は、寺だけでなく、本陣や庄屋宅にも広がりました。
「指導者のもとで稽古に励みながら、その技を磨いていた人びとの様子がうかがえる」と記されています。趣味に没頭できる余裕があるのは良いことです。それとともに、手間暇がかかる趣味に時間を費やしたのが、この時代の特徴です。
（2）Growing chrysanthemum、菊作り
It’s
also his father’s hobby. Chrysanthemum bloom in autumn, but it is necessary to
take care all year around. A farmer did it, not Gonbei.
In
autumn, observers including samurai came to see his garden, and Gonbei also
visited other houses. They exchanged young plant each other.
It is written that flower caused relationship and the exchange expanded. At that time, people couldn’t do their business with email; they needed to see others much more than now and mingled. However, they tried to make more acquaintances. Socializing is troublesome, costly and taking time sometimes. Acquaintances through hobby are different from it, I don’t know.
https://www.loc.gov/item/2020637459/
菊も父の代からの趣味でした。秋の花を楽しむためには、一年を通して手入れが必要で、庭仕事をしている百姓が根分けや施肥などを担当しました。
秋になると菊の見物客が来るし、権兵衛も見物に出かけました。大垣藩の武士も権兵衛の菊の見物に訪れました。苗の交換もします。
「花を通じて人とのふれ合いが生まれ、交流の世界が広がっていた」と記されています。今とは違って、メールで用を済ませられない時代なので、人付き合いは多かったはずですが、更に交流を増やしています。人との付き合いは、時間もお金もかかり面倒でもありますが、同好の士ですから、いわゆる「別腹」ですかね。
2．Haikai、俳諧
Haiku
is famous for Japanese short poetry, but it was a beginning part of Haikai poem
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikai).
The great master of Haikai “Basho” (1644-1694) traveled around Japan. He
visited Ohgaki four times and had a meeting with local poets; it caused the
poetry boom in the area.
Gonbei’s
father didn’t mention Haikai in his diary, so Gonbei started it. His younger
brother and his son in law also into it and participated in a gathering.
Haikai
gathering was often held in temple like ikebana gathering. The author wrote
that temples played the crucial role in evolving the culture of farming
villages.
Gonbei
also hosted the gathering at his house. It was held once a month, but it was
done three times a month afterward: on the 3rd, on the 13th
and on the 23rd. Seven or eight people participated usually, and
eighteen people joined at the most. Their master frequently stayed at Gonbei’s
house. Thereafter, he often wrote that he enjoyed Haikai.
Gonbei
traveled to make poems and to visit his Haikai acquaintances. Some of his
friends traveled to Matsushima where Basho made famous Haikai, but it is around
800km away from his village. On the other hand, a pal came from Kumamoto which
is around 900km away. They couldn’t use convenient communication tools such a
social media, but they built broad relationships.
芭蕉の来訪（17世紀後半に四度）が大垣の俳壇が隆盛するきっかけになりました。先代の日記では記載はなく、これは権兵衛の代からの趣味です。1846年からは、故楽の号で各地の集まりに行きます。弟の脩安、娘婿の常三郎も熱心で会にも参加しました。
会は寺で開かれることが多いとのこと。「農村文化の発展に寺院が果たした役割は計り知れない」と書かれています。生け花の会も寺で開かれていましたからね。
西松家でも月次会が開かれました。当初は月一回でしたが、後に月に三回、三の付く日に行うようになったとのことです。通常は七、八人、多い時は17、18人の参加者がありました。師匠は、西松家に宿泊することが多く、日記に「俳諧にて遊ぶ」という記載が増えました。
権兵衛は、吟行を兼ねた参詣にも出かけ、俳諧を通じて親しくなった人を訪ねています。松島など遠方に行脚する仲間もいましたし、肥後（熊本）からやってきた人もいました。貧弱な通信手段しかないのに交流の範囲が広いですね。
3．Enjoy traveling、旅を楽しむ
Gonbei
pilgrimed to IseShrine seven times; he enjoyed stay-over trips sixty-one times. Farmers usually traveled in winter
because it is an agricultural off-season. However, Gonbei traveled in spring or
in autumn which is a good season for a trip. He was a wealthy farmer, so his
helper worked in place of him.
When he was twenty-one, he visited Ise for the
first time with his servant. There was a red-light district in Ise, but he
seemed not to go there. He didn’t spend a lot of money while traveling to Ise.
For example, his family spent only around $1000 per person for the eight-day
trip.
He
went to Kyoto and visited his half-brother who studied medicine. He enjoyed
visiting tourist spots and a theater there.
In 1810, he went to Arima which is one of
the foremost hot-spring resorts for a month. He left his village on the 13th
of April, and stayed at the resort for two weeks. I envy him!
His
souvenirs are listed. When he traveled to Ise, he paid around $800 to buy
towels, cigar cases, specialty medicine, shells, fans, Japanese flute, seaweeds
and so on. It accounted for one-fourth of his travel expenses. Cotton begun to
be made, and it was replacing paper which had been popular gift.
The
author wrote at the end of this chapter, “People didn’t fail to buy souvenirs
during a trip, and enjoyed chatting about their destination with villagers
after returning. It enhanced the demand for traveling. I can imagine the
people who lived in a peaceful time.” I cannot agree more.
Travelers in the Edo period Kusatsu Inn Highroads Community Square 草津宿街道交流館
権兵衛は伊勢参りに七回、泊まりの旅には61回も出かけています。春秋の時候の良い時に出発した旅が多く、さすが大庄屋さんです。農繁期でも旅行をできました。
伊勢への最初の旅は21歳の時で、下男を伴っていますが、遊郭がある古市で遊んだという形跡は見られません。その後の伊勢参りでも、御師の宿で散財した形跡はなく、駕籠や馬をよく使った家族旅行でも、一人当たり一両一歩弱（十数万円）の出費であり、伊勢講を組んで出かけ、御師の宿に泊まる人達より少ない出費ででした。西条村から伊勢は通常八日間の旅です。
京都で医者修行をしている異母弟を訪ねた旅では、名所を見物し芝居小屋にも行ってます。また、湯治として、1810年に有馬への一ヶ月の旅に出かけています。この頃は、7日間で一回りなので、二回りの湯治でした。農作業は始まっていますが、時候の良い4月13日に出発しています。
旅の土産物がリスト化されています。1822年の伊勢参りの時は旅費の1/4、10貫文余（5～10万円）をお土産代に当てました。手拭い、煙草入れ、万金丹、貝殻、団扇、笛、青のりなどを買っています。綿布の生産が盛んになり、紙に替わって手拭いが贈答品の主流になってきた時期だそうです。
筆者は、「人びとは旅に出ると、必ず土産物を求め、帰ればその地の話に花を咲かせ、さらに旅への熱は高まっていった。平和な時代を生きていた庶民の姿が感じられるのである」とこの章を締めている。全く同感です。
Chapter 8 Village budget, cost of
living and price fluctuation、村入用・生活費・物価
The
author analyzed old documents in details.
これまた、詳細な分析がされています。
1．Village expenditure、村入用
Account
books of 1822 and 1843 were investigated. The allowance and the travel expenses
of the village officers accounted for 42% in 1822 (58% in 1843). Those were
most costly, but the author evaluated that those were too cheap. The cost of
public civil engineering works and preparation of the family register were paid
by the village, too.
1822年と1843年の入用帳が分析されています。一番多いのが村役人の出張費や給与で、42％（1843年は58％）を占めました。庄屋給は３石２斗ほどでしたが、筆者は「少なすぎるくらい」と評しています。治水や土木の費用（自普請）、戸籍に相当する宗門改帳の費用も村の負担でした。
2．Annual cost of living of Gonbei’s family、年間の生活費
Account
books of 1853 and 1854 were preserved. In 1853, they spent 43 ryo in
total (around $40,000), however they did 85 ryo (around $80,000) in
1854. They paid around 20 ryo to buy Wajima lacquer-ware (soup bowls),
sword parts and so on. Moreover, they donated 15 ryo to the han (local
government), because US fleet came to Japan which raised defense expenditure.
Their
annual food expenses were about 10 ryo (around $9,000) except for rice.
It accounted for 23% of total cost of living. The ratio was same as current
Japanese family. I’m not sure that food expenditure was cheap because they made
some food by themselves, or the other costs were expensive. Anyway, they spent
a lot of money besides food.
1853、54年の諸雑費日記が残っています。1853年が総額43両なのに、54年は85両でした。増加したのは輪島塗椀や刀の部品などの道具代で20両。また、ペリー来航に伴う国防費の増加で、藩からの冥加金の要求があり15両寄付したことが効きました。
年間の食費は約10両（米代を除く）でした。1853年のエンゲル係数は23％。なんと今の日本と同じです。自作のため食費が安かったのか、我々と同じぐらいに遊んでいたのか、わかりませんが、食費以外に多くのお金を使っていたことは確かです。
3．Price fluctuation、諸物価の推移と比較
It was investigated in details such as the
spinning top performance fee, denture cost, donation to temple and so on.
独楽回しの見物や入れ歯代、お布施や見舞まで細かく推移を集計しています。
4．Payment to helpers and craftsmen、 奉公人および職人の給金・賃金について
The
upper-class farmer Gonbei led a wealthy life. Considering Maslow's hierarchy of
needs, it is clear he fulfilled the physiological needs (eating and so on) and
safety needs. He also fulfilled the belongingness-love needs by socializing
well with other village heads, pals of ikebana flower arrangement and growing
chrysanthemums. He played important roles and achieved results in those groups,
so he fulfilled the esteem needs. In terms of the self-actualization needs (the
highest needs), I guess he almost fulfilled.
On
the other hand, the opportunities to mingle with other people are decreasing in
our modern society. I think it is important to create bonds with colleagues
from work, pals from hobby, fellows from social activity and so on. The
bonds are key driver to enjoy our life, I reckon. However, it is
simultaneously painstaking and nuisance to create and maintain bonds. It
would be smart to combine modern methods such as a social media.
上層農民である権兵衛の生活は実に豊かでした。マズローの欲求の五段階でいうと、食と安全の欲求を満たし（一段階と二段階）、庄屋仲間や生け花仲間などと交流することで社会的欲求も満たしています（三段階）。各々のグループの中で、重要な役割を果たしていて、菊作りを含めて人に認められる成果があり、承認欲求も満たしています（四段階）。幸せな人生だったと思います。残る自己実現の欲求（五段階）については、本人に聞いてみないと分かりませんが、ほぼ満たしていたと思います。
人と直接会う機会が減った現代において、仕事でも趣味でも社会活動でも、心がふれあう交流をどのくらいできるか、これが「楽しむ生き方」のキーだと思いました。でも、それは、面倒なことでもあります。SNSなど今風な手法を使いながら、交流を広め深めていくことが現実的だと思います。
Previous post (Part3 of this article、この記事のパート3):
Rural society in the Edo period and
life of the village head (3/4)、庄屋日記にみる江戸の世相と暮らし (3/4)
Next post (Actual diary of the village head in
Chiba、千葉の名主の日記):
Yoshino’s daily life 42 (1856、安政4年）
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