人の楽しみの発見度：Very Good ★★☆
村の民俗（民俗民芸双書89、岩崎美術社、1982）に掲載
Values of fishers are
different from farmers who settle down near their fields; we can understand
their traditional values and lifestyles well.
The author (1895-1984), who was a pioneering female folklorist, interviewed
women in fishing villages and observed their lives carefully. Moreover, she
vividly described the fun things to do for fishers.
Contents、目次
土地に根付いて生きつないでいく農民とは異なった漁民の生活やそのベースとなる考え方がよく分かります。著者は、女性の民俗学者の草分けで、漁村での聞き取りを進めながら、婦人の暮らしを細やかに観察しています。また、漁の楽しみが生き生きと書かれています。
Introduction、緒言
A
hundred years ago when she investigated, the fishing villages were in two
major changes.
One
was that young men were called into the armed forces, however it was difficult for women to work in place of their
husband or son; on the other hand, women in a farming village managed farming
somehow.
The
other one was the innovation, which was the emerging
of the refrigeration technology and the fabric industry. Women didn’t need to preserve fishes in salt, and didn’t need to make fabric; they could get
them from store.
Women lost their traditional jobs, furthermore, they
couldn’t work as a fisherman to get the sources of their livelihood. The woman whose husband
became a soldier felt lost.
The
author was eager to encourage women in fishing villages by showing how they have
played great roles and they have enough capability to create new livelihood.
著者が調査した昭和初期（約100年前）、漁村は二つの大きな変化の中にいました。一つは、働き盛りの男たちが軍に召集されたことです。農家では、女性たちがなんとか農業を続けましたが、船を出して漁をする漁家はそうはいきませんでした。
もう一つの変化は、冷蔵技術と繊維業の発達が漁家の暮らしを変えたことです。魚に塩をする仕事、麻糸を作る仕事がなくなり、「万事買えば調う時勢になった」のです。女性は、男性の漁に依存する状態だったので、夫が出征すると「全く途方にくれてしまうのも無理がない」という状態になりました。
そんな時代だが、かつての漁村の仕事での女性の役割を調べ、今後の参考にして欲しいというのが、著者の意図です。かつての女性の大きな役割を明らかにし、途方に暮れている漁村の女性たちにエールを送っています。
（1）The role of women、漁村婦人の働き
Traditionally, a husband has caught fishes and a wife has sold them. It’s been a family business. A man has not been able to catch more
than his wife can sell.
Women peddled the seafood (fishes, shells and seaweeds); they brought
raw fishes to villages nearby. The fishes which couldn’t be sold nearby, were
salted and were brought to inland villages. They wanted to sell raw fishes,
because the price was 40 to 50% higher and the additional work (salting) was
not needed. It has been different from farming work; they had to do quickly
because their products have soon gone rotten.
The advantage of the salted salt was to expand the sales area, so full-time
fish vendors appeared. They went over a pass and sold in an inland area. I was
surprised that some women in western Japan (Shikoku and Kyusyu) went to Korea
and China. They were strong.
They had carried fishes by not only a big ship but also a family
boat. They had carried basic necessities such as cotton and bowls together and
had sold. However, development of steam boats and trains ended their business.
Moreover, fisheries cooperatives and companies were established, which
dismissed the female vendors. The female jobs were taken over to men.
Fish vendors at present who use a train、鮮魚の行商 National Museum of Japanese
History(3/3)、国立歴史民俗博物館 (3/3)
夫が漁をして、妻が捕った魚を売るというのが古来からのパターンでした。家内漁業です。夫は、妻が売れる以上に魚を捕ることができませんでした。
女性たちは、海産物（魚や貝、ワカメなど）の行商に行きました。行き先は、生魚が腐らない近隣の農村で、売りきれない魚は塩漬けなどの加工をしました。塩漬けの魚は手間がかかるのに値が生より安かったので（半値から7割）、生で売りたかったそうです。農業と大きく違うのは、商品が腐るということ。手っ取り早さが求められました。
一方、塩漬けにすると行商の範囲が広がり、行商を生業にする人も出てきました。日本海側の漁村では、山を越えて内陸部に売りに行きました。驚いたのは、四国九州の女性で、国内はもとより、朝鮮、中国まで売りに行く人もいました。たくましいです。
船での運搬は、大型の北前船だけでなく、家族船でも行いました。海産物だけでなく、木綿や茶碗も仕入れて売りました。しかし、汽車・汽船が発達し、また、漁業と販売が組織化されるにつれ、女性の行商は減り、生活は大きく変わりました。仕事は男たちの手に移っていったのです。
The author was surprised that fishing family bought not only rice or
barley which were difficult to farm but also bought vegetables which were
easier to make. She often heard from fishermen that the steady effort was
needed for farming and expected outcome was not easy to get. The fisherman
sprit prevented them from farming. So, women cultivated their small field;
actually, most of fishing families farmed back then.
The women worked at a part-time job such as a helper of a farmer and
a spinner. The latter job was disappeared in the early 20th century
because large factories started manufacturing thread.
次に農業。漁家では、魚を売って主食（米や麦）だけでなく、野菜も買っていることに著者は驚きました。「漁猟に従事する男子にとっては、農業はまことにまどろっこしく、かつ、期待しがたいものに思われる、という口吻をたびたび聞く」という漁師の気質が男性を農業から遠ざけました。ということで、小規模な農業を支えたのは女性でした。当時も、純漁村は極めて少なく、半農半漁の村が大半でした。
漁家の女性は、「賃働き」にも出ました。農村の手伝い、綿糸の紡ぎ（大正時代には大工場に移り仕事がなくなりました）などです。
The
role of women in fishing is written at the last
part of the chapter. They dived into the sea to catch shellfishes, joined a
beach seine in which all villagers pulled the dragnet, and worked away from
home as a shell diver (some went to Korea). Some families lived on their ship,
so women perhaps did fishing.
The
author summarized her investigation; it was a fact that the women had contributed
to build the basis of Japanese fisheries, fish-processing, transporting and selling.
It caused the prosperity of the fishing industry at that time. Then, she wrote,
it was clear that women in fishing villages had not been wives who just felt
lost; they had lived strong. Even in the war time when the book was written,
the women didn’t need to lament the powerlessness; they should plan how to live
and should execute it, because they had enough capacity same as the former
generations who had lived toughly. The author cheered for the women in fishing
villages.
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/agc/item/2018719429/resource/
最後に、漁労における女性の働きについて書かれています。磯での潜水作業（貝や海藻の漁）、村総出の地引き網漁だけでなく、海女には出稼ぎ（なんと朝鮮へも）の仕事もありました。そして、船で生活する家族もいたので、漁労にも携わったと思われます。
著者は、「とにもかくにも、漁家の婦人の働きが日本の漁業・加工業・商業・運搬業の基礎となって、今日の発展を将来した（結果を招いた）、という事実の前には深く感動せずにはおられない」と調査の結果を総括した後で、「前代前々代の漁家の婦人は『人の憐れみを催す途方にくれた奥様』でなかったことが明らかにされた」と記します。男性を戦場に奪われた漁家の女性たちは、かつては、たくましく生きていました。「今の時代（戦時中）に即した漁村の婦人のあり方について考え、かつ行動するのが今日の人たちの生きる道であろうと思う」とこの項を結んでいます。皆さんは強い、嘆く必要は無い、という著者からのエールですね。
Previous post (a book written by the same author、同じ著者の本です): Old
dietary habit in Japan (published in 1968) (3/3)、食生活の歴史
part3
Next post: Life in a fishing village and the role of women (published in
1946) (2/2)、漁村の生活と婦人の役割 part2
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