There was a special exhibition about O-shishigari which was held four times
in the Edo period (1603~1868) in my city. The shogun lead his samurais and went to Matsudo to hunt
deer and so on. It demonstrated the authority of the shogunate (Edo Bakuhu or Tokugawa Bakuhu),
and it was also a must-see event for people. I visited the exhibition and the
lecture.
Entrance of the special exhibition、企画展入口
私が住んでいる松戸市の博物館で、江戸時代の大イベント(お鹿狩り)の企画展がありました。お鹿狩りは、徳川将軍が旗本御家人を引き連れて松戸に出向き、鹿などの害獣を狩る行事で、江戸時代に4回行われました。将軍家の権威を示すと同時に、庶民にとっては見逃せないイベントでした。企画展「松戸と徳川将軍の御鹿狩り」と講演会を紹介します。
Introduction of this museum、 博物館の紹介はこちら⇒ Matsudo Museum (1) 松戸市立博物館 (1)
Lecture: O-shishigari as a festival、講演会:祝祭としてのお鹿狩り
Lecturer Dr. Yukiko Tsubakida from Yokohama
City University、講師:椿田有希子氏(横浜市立大学)
Outline、概要
The event which was held in March 1849 was mentioned. Twenty-three thousand samurais and sixty-two thousand farmers joined the event, plus many viewers also visited.
However, the outcome was only 29 deer
and 235 other animals such as boars and rabbits. 832 deer were hunted in this
event in 1725. The number of deer was decreasing because the environment
changed. Surprisingly enough, they had to catch animals before the event and even bought them
from other regions to supply more animals for hunting. It was a set-up event!
嘉永二年(1849)三月のお鹿狩りについて述べられました。参加者は、武士が二万三千人、百姓が六万二千人。これに多数の見物人が加わります。
仕留めた鹿は、29頭(他に猪やウサギなど235頭)。吉宗の時代には、害獣駆除を目的として832頭も仕留めていましたから少ない! かつてほど野生動物がいなくなり、この年は、事前に捕獲したり他国から買い求めたりしたそうです。これは「やらせ」ですね。
Preparation、段取り
The shogunate announced officially to hold the event two years and half before. They started investigating precedents and carrying out a field observation.
They had a dry run in February, 1849 in Tokyo under
the attendance of the shogun. They had to succeed.
二年半前の1847年10月に「御鹿狩り遊ばされるべき御治定仰せ出され候」と、お鹿狩りの発令が出ます。翌月には村々に発令が伝えられ、先例の調査、現地調査等が実施されます。
1849年2月には、駒場野(世田谷区)にて将軍の上覧の元、予行演習。失敗できない行事なのですねえ。
Pre-event attention、前評判
The O-shishigari themed ukiyoe (printings)
were sold in Edo (old name of Tokyo). Meanwhile it was a bad manner to print the
shogun, so a similar event was described. However, eight thousand prints were
sold. It was a big hit and we can say it was a highly anticipated event.
お鹿狩りをモチーフにした浮世絵が江戸で発売されました。将軍のことを絵にするのは恐れ多いので、源頼朝の富士の牧狩りの絵が使われました。八千部も売れたと言うことで古書に「大当たり大評判なり」と書かれています。
O-shishigari as a show (the original
idea of Dr. Tsubakida)、見せるイベントとしてのお鹿狩り(これは、椿田氏オリジナルの論です)
The shogunate constructed the temporary
bridge which consisted of boats on the 18th of March. Only the
shogun could make the boat bridge, and it was opened to the public until the
sixth of April. He crossed it and went to the HQ for the hunting which was
29 meters square and 6 meters in height. The hunting was carried out in the area
of 136 meters square, there was a pine tree at each corner. The dignity of the place was
an important factor.
The shogun participated in hunting and got
two rabbits. By the way, it was a one-day trip for him, he left Edo castle at 1 AM. Some samurais stayed at temporary houses.
The boat bridge、船橋 Matsudo Museum 松戸市立博物館
Hunting venue、狩り場 Matsudo Museum 松戸市立博物館
江戸と松戸の間の江戸川に、船を繋げた船橋を架けます。船橋を架けられるのは将軍だけであり権威を示します。将軍は船橋を渡って仮御殿に入ります。29m四方、高さ6mの所に、八畳ほどのスペースを作ったそうです。狩りは、角に松を立てた136m四方の場所で行われました。見栄えは大切です。
将軍も鎗でウサギ二匹を仕留めます。鹿や猪など大きな動物を捕らないことで将軍の慈悲深さが表せるそうです。ちなみに、将軍は深夜に江戸城を出立する日帰りの旅。武士には仮設の宿舎が設けられました。また、船橋は4月6日まで一般開放されたそうです。
The events which demonstrated shogun’s
greatness.
(1) Reward to the elderly people
He met seven people who were over ninety years old, and order officers to give them three silver coin each. When he visited Nikko, where his ancestors’ tombs
are, he did the same things. It appealed to people widely.
Reference: Nikko museum and Nikko Toshogu 日光市歴史民俗資料館と東照宮
(2) Giving sake (alcohol) to farmers
After the event, he gave 193 sake barrels
to the farmers who helped. His extended family N. Tokugawa recommended him
that giving sake would show people the virtue of the shogun. There was a
picture in which the barrels were stacked by six tiers. It was a pleasant sight.
This was recorded as “brand new event”, so it was also successful.
(3) Greeting ordinary people
The shogun called farmers from his palanquin. Farmers delighted and wrote “We saw the shogun, what an unexpectedly treat it was!
The viewers were excited when
they found the highest-class generals such as the shogun, Y. Hitotsubasi
and Y. Tayasu who were relatives of the shogun and might wear gorgeous outfits.
People cried “Yeah! Big boss!”. The voice echoed throughout the area. By the
way, the procession of the noble people in Kyoto was also an attraction for
people.
Reference: Kyoto city history museum 京都市歴史資料館
The event “O-shishigari”, which staged the benevolent
shogun to people, was very successful. The shogun was much familiar to people after this
event. It was written on a handout, “Festive atmosphere appeared at the
venue.”
(4) Kawaraban (news flier) and
reputation
After the event, Kawaraban were published,
which meant it was attractive. A guidebook was also published which mentioned
the order of procession, samurais’ names who hunted animals, names of the
rewarded elderly people and so on. People visited the venue with it. The
“O-shishigari” was considered as an excellent event, because samurais made
efforts on the martial arts and farmers supported them.
It was a difficult time for the shogunate
because the foreign powers approached Japan which kept a national isolation
policy more than two hundred years, plus there were internal problems. But this
was a very successful event. It was written on a handout, “the event
was a political performance which appealed to the people.”
さて、これからが将軍の威光を示すイベントです。
① 高齢者褒賞
90歳以上の7名に謁見。銀三枚の下賜を言い渡します。日光社参でも高齢者、そして世話をする孝行者を褒賞しました。庶民に受ける行いだったそうです。
② 酒の下賜
お鹿狩り終了後に、勢子として参加した百姓に193樽の酒を下賜します。「将軍家の盛徳を仰がしめんため」と徳川斉昭が発案したものでした。酒樽を六段に積み上げ、見栄えを良くした絵が残っています。酒は流山の相模屋からとあり、会場から、酒ではなく味醂だったというコメントも出ました。詳しい人がいますね。当時は、味醂をアルコールとして飲んだそうです。味醂にはお酒と同じぐらいのアルコールが含まれていますから。
「古今稀なる儀」と書き残されており、これまた庶民に受けました。
③ 民衆への顔見せ
百姓を輿のそばまで呼びます。百姓は「ご尊顔を拝し奉る、冥加至極の仕合わせなり」と大喜びです。狩りを見物している百姓たちは、将軍や一橋慶喜、田安慶頼が入場すると大騒ぎ。「イヨ親玉アー」などと声をかけます。「はやす声、天地に響くばかりなり」だったそうです。そういえば、京都の公家の参内も庶民の見物対象でした。
Reference: 京都市歴史資料館
お鹿狩りという恰好の「舞台」を利用した「慈悲深い将軍」像のアピールは農民との距離を縮め大成功でした。「一種の祝祭的空気がその場に現出」と配布資料に記載されています。
④ 瓦版の発行とお鹿狩りの評判
お鹿狩りの後で、各種の瓦版が発行されました。それだけ人気があったということです。「小金山麓之地理」は、行列の順番や、獲物を仕留めた幕臣の名前、高齢者褒賞などを記したガイドブックで、人々はそれを持って、お鹿狩りが行われた松戸を訪ねたのだそうです。お鹿狩りは、武士は武芸に励み、百姓も働く、素晴らしい行事だと評されました。
内憂外患に悩まされる幕府でしたが、とても成功したイベントでした。「民衆の視線を意識した政治的パフォーマンス」と資料に書かれています。
Reference (thirteen pictures of
O-shishigari are on the paper written by Dr. Tsubakida、椿田氏の“資料紹介「小金原御狩記」”に13枚のお鹿狩りの絵が掲載されています”:https://archives.pref.kanagawa.jp/www/contents/1556078596951/simple/kiyou708.pdf
Special exhibition “Matsudo and Tokugawa shogun’s O-shishigari”、企画展「松戸と徳川将軍の御鹿狩り」
The photo below is the Japanese origin horse “Kiso”. It isn’t tall. Samurais got on these kinds of horses and moved. Photography was prohibited except for this horse in this exhibition.
There were around one hundred exhibits;
paintings of O-shishigari, outfits of samurais and farmers, stuffed animals
which existed at the area, records of receiving sake barrels, ukiyoe
(printing), kawaraban (flier), pictures of the boat bridge and the model of the
shogun’s ship “Kirin-maru”. Those helped us to understand how people did during
O-shishigari.
The construction of the boat bridge started
at the end of November and it was completed on the 11th of March. Then,
it was open to the public until the 15th. The shogun crossed the bridge
on the 17th. After the second public display, the demolition work
started on the 22nd, and it finished on the 6th of April.
I guess the shogunate didn’t borrow ships
from people, but they made them.
日本の在来馬・木曽馬です。サラブレッドのように大きくありません。武者達はこの馬に乗って戦いました。写真撮影できるのはこの馬だけでした。
お鹿狩りに関して多くの資料が展示されていました。お鹿狩り自体の絵図、陣笠陣羽織や弓矢など当時の武具、小金牧にいた鹿やウサギなどの剥製、牧を預かる牧士達の野羽織や道具、招集された百姓勢子達の装束や勢子采配、振る舞われたお酒を頂いた「御酒頂戴小前御請印張」。お鹿狩りについての浮世絵や瓦版、最後は江戸川の船橋とそこに停泊していた御座船・麒麟丸の模型でした。
船橋は、1848年の11月末に着工し、翌年の3/11に完成。15日までは庶民に開放。17日お鹿狩りで将軍が通行。3/22~4/6まで解体工事と書かれていました。住民から船を供出させて臨時の橋を作ったのではなく、新しい船を作ったのでしょうか。でないと五ヶ月間も船を持って行かれたのでは、住民も堪りませんよね。
O-shishigari for Yoshino family who were wealthy farmers in this area、地元の有力農家・吉野家にとってのお鹿狩り
I’m investigating their diary. I will
extract the writing about this event since the diary of March, 1849. You can
understand how they were involved and enjoyed O-shishigari.
私が調べている吉野家の日記から、1849年三月の関連の記載を抜き出します。農民はどのようにお鹿狩りに関わり、楽しんだのかが分かりますよ。
Visiting to see the facility、施設の拝見
On the 6th, the master
visited the venue with someone, and he checked the
place where the shogun would stand and evaluate the exercise.
On the 9th, his mother went
to Matsudo to see the HQ and the temporary bridge.
On the 13th, the master went
to the bridge, too. He might be able to cross the bridge because it was opened to the public on this day.
6日、将軍が観閲するお立場に、主人が誰かと行っています。
9日、母親が、お立場と松戸船橋を見物しました。
13日、母の話を聞いてか、主が松戸船橋を拝見します。一般開放の期間中ですから、橋を渡ったかも。
Watching or participating in
O-shishigari、お鹿狩りの拝見、参加
On the 15th, the send-off party
for the dispatched farmers was held.
On the 16th, his
acquaintances visited his house in order to watch O-shishigari and they stayed there for three nights. Simultaneously, ten
farmers left their village about 5 am. They were nine farmers and one carrier.
They camped two nights, chased animals and went back to the village on the 18th.
On the 17th, the master
went out to see O-shishigari.
On the 18th, the master
joined the welcome party with farmers who worked at the front line of O-shishigari.
On the 19th, villagers
quitted farming at noon; they enjoyed sake in the afternoon, because O-shishigari was so successful. I think they enjoyed the
stories of dispatched farmers and spectators.
They received reward from the local office and
got durable ropes which were used in O-shishigari.
Residents enjoyed O-shishigari enough.
15日、お鹿狩りに派遣する農民達の送別会。豆腐とこんにゃくで酒を飲む。夜遅くまで続いたと言うから、楽しい会でした。
16日、江戸から知人が鹿狩りを見物に来て3泊します。また、暁七つ過ぎ(午前5時ごろ)、10人(人足6人、幟持ち2人、荷持ち1人、才領1人)が出かけます。2泊し、18日に帰村。
18日は、前線で動物を追い込んで、帰村した人足たちと宴会となる。
19日、鹿狩りが首尾よくいったので、昼から休日とし、村中で神酒を飲む。
(土産話で盛り上がったことだろう。人足がヒーローになる。ちなみに、この時の成果は、鹿、猪など265匹と伝えられている。)
この後、役所から費用を頂戴したり、用済みの猪網をもらったりしている。
Reference: Yoshino’s daily life 04, March in 1849 (嘉永2年3月)、Matsudo Museum 松戸市立博物館
Visited in October, 2020
Official website: https://www.city.matsudo.chiba.jp/m_muse/
(in Japanese), accessed in November, 2020
Previous post (Old station in my home town, Osaka):
Hamaderastation gallery、浜寺公園駅駅舎
Next post (Farmar’s
diary in the late Edo period):
Yoshino’s daily life 26 (Jan. to Mar. in 1852、嘉永5年1月~3月)
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