Arima in the Edo period (1603-1868) 江戸時代の入浴
Many people visited in the Edo period which was after a protracted internal war.時代下って江戸時代。庶民も有馬に押しよせる。
(1) Onsen
toji yojo ki 温泉湯治養生記(1605年)
The title literally means “Hot spring
(Onsen), cure (toji yojo), record (ki)”. One of the dedicated inns “Okuno-bou
Iseya” issued fifteen rules of Arima onsen such as;
-Arima is a salted bath, and the effect is
very strong. Taking a bath for just a moderate time will give you lots of good effects, although if you stay in the water for too long, the water might give you adverse effect.”
-Lukewarm bath should be the best, and so on.
This shows us that many onsen beginners
visited Arima. A book called “Efficiency of Arima onsen” was issued in 1689 for visitors.
Two kinds of hot springs form the poster of Arima Hot Springs Tourism Association (https://visit.arima-onsen.com/)、有馬温泉観光協会のポスターから金泉と銀泉@新神戸駅(2019)
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家康が幕府を開いて二年後、有馬温泉の奥之坊伊勢屋が、「有馬は塩湯で、ちからがはげしい。少なく浴すれば血筋をただすなどの効果があるが、過ぎると力尽きて誤ってしまう」「湯はぬるきを本とす」など15箇条の湯治の掟を出している。ビギナーの湯治の客が多かったと言うことだ。1689年には「摂州有馬温泉効能」が発刊されている。
(2) Honcho
onsen zakkou 本朝温泉雑稿(1767年)
This title means “Japanese (Honcho) onsen(hot
spring) zakkou(essay). Four options of the taking bath were
described as follows.
- Highest class,
Maku(curtain) Yu(bath); the hot spring water was poured for only one person,
and the curtain which shut down other customers.
- High class,
Makuma: took a bath after Maku-yu person had gone.
- Middle class,
Hasamigama (I’m not sure if pronunciation is right); the curtain was removed
but it might be not so crowded.
- Economy class,
Oi(follow)-ire(taking a bath); Everyone (high-class, low-class, men and
women) rushed into the bath.
These options continued until the 19th
century at least.
入浴の種類というかランクが書いてある。
・幕湯:一人のために湯を入れ、幕を引いて他の人を止める
・幕間:幕湯の人が出ると、その後に続いて入浴する
・挟鎌(読み不明):幕を取って、まだ混んでいない状態か
・追入:貴賤男女を分かたず、湯槽に乱入、とある。
呼び方は変わるが、幕で体を隠して湯を独占するか、幕を取り払ってみんなで入るかの入浴の仕方は引き継がれていく。
(3) Note
of Aima hot spring resort 有馬温泉の記(1850年)
The system of Arima onsen in the late Edo
period is described on this book. The author stayed at “Hyoe (hotel)” and went
to the second bathhouse called “Ni-no-yu”.
大阪在住の歌舞伎狂言作者、西沢一鳳が書き残す。江戸末期の風呂の様子がよく書けている。兵衛に泊まり、二の湯に行ったという。
The first
bathhouse and the second bathhouse; There were only two bathhouses in Arima. Arima
onsen museum (Taiko Yudono Kan)
一の湯、二の湯の絵;有馬温泉には二つの浴場しかなく、けして大きくない
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He wrote about bathhouses at first. Each house
was 5.5m width and 2.7m long, and they were joined. The bathtub was 3.8m width
and 6.4m long, and there was a wall in center which separated the tub for the 1st
bathhouse and the 2nd one. The rule such as “Don’t sing loudly” and
the admission fee were put up; around $400 (current value) for the highest
class “Maku-yu” which only one person took a bath inside the curtain of his
hotel, $40 for high class which several people took a bath together inside the
curtain, and $20 for the economy class which everyone took a bath without
a curtain. The price was probably for one week, not for one day.
Customers who stopped over only for one night stayed
at an inn in which meals were served. Most customers stayed for more than one
week, and they were in the second or the third floor of the inn. They
cooked by themselves, although the rice was served by the inn and some
foods were catered; he wrote it was enough and convenient. Basically they
shared the room with other customers, but if you occupied a room, you payed
$2 more per week.
It was a popular hot spring cure spot
and a tourist spot. The Arima song “Arima-bushi” said “If you look up the
second floor, young maid and gentlemen hung wet Japanese
bathrobes and belts on the bamboo pole; they fluttered in the wind. --- What a
bustling!”
まず、一の湯、二の湯について。間口三間奥行き一間半(5.5m×2.7m)の湯殿が双方にある。桧皮屋根宮づくりで、観音開きの戸から入る。一の湯と二の湯は尻合わせにある。湯槽は、幅一丈二尺五寸(3.8m)、奥行き二丈一尺(6.4m)。真ん中に隔壁を作り、一の湯と二の湯に分けている。入口の内や湯槽の隅の棚に灯りがともされている。湯槽の口に定め書きの条目があり、高声の音曲を諷(そら)んじるを禁じ、料金が書かれている。「幕湯銀一枚、合幕三匁五分、入込二匁宛、但し廻りについての直也」。銀一枚は約40匁、江戸後期の銀一匁は1,100ということなので、幕湯44,000円、合幕4,000円、入込2,200円ぐらいであるが、一廻り(約7日間)当たりの金額と思われる。幕湯は、坊の好みの染暖簾を湯の入り口に吊って他の人を止める。合幕は、二組三組知り合い同士が入って、雑客を止める。
「一夜客は坊々より旅篭(食事付き)にて泊まれど、湯治客は二階三階の座敷にて、菜の物は手づから煮て、飯は坊の女米をはかり、二階三階に竈走りもと有りて、焚もて来る仕送り物には通ひをもつて買ひ、誠に自由にて事足れり、一間かり切の湯治客には、一廻り(約七日間)毎に間銭(まのぜに)とて四十二文(200円ぐらい)の銭をとれり」と書かれている。木賃の相部屋のようだ。兵衛には、和歌が六首書かれた軸物がかけられている。床の間のある良い部屋だったのだろうか。
大変な賑わいで、有馬ぶし(1795年)、「有馬二階を下から見れば、若い女中や殿たちが、濡れた湯巻きや下帯を、竿竹ふいて結び下げ、風ふきにさまさんせ、・・・見事なことじゃいな」、が聞こえてきそうだ。
(4) Gide
of Arima hot spring (Geiyu Arima meisho-kagami) 、迎湯有馬名所鑑(1678年)
It writes about Yu(hot water)-na(woman).
- When Nisai
Shounin(a holy priest) rebuilt a Arima hot spring around 1190, he established 12
bou (inns) to treat visitors from across Japan.
- Some
of visitors took a bath for a long time, so each bou deployed two Yu-na in
order to manage bathhouses. There were 20 bous at that time, so there were 40 Yu-na
in total. They had a stick and they ordered to customers to get out of the bathtub.
- The
customers increased, so inns also increased. The appointed bou controlled the
customers from new inns to avoid fights.
- In the
case of economy class, poor men and women flocked into the bathtub, so Yu-na
shouted “Get out! Get out!”. It was bustling, not relaxed.
- When
Yu-na didn’t work at the bathhouse, they drank sake(alcohol) with customers and
sang. They were probably attractive.
- On the other hand, Yu-nas were described in another book “Arima kikou tataigoe (1779)” a bit differently. “In the evening, Yu-na guided me to the bathhouse. It was the
first time for me to take a hot spring. I poured hot water over my body first
to clean myself and soaked into the bath. The depth of the tub was around chest-height.
Yu-na didn’t look colorful; it was not the same as my expectation. They wore clothes
and made-up like married women, although they were young. It was traditional
practice of Arima.”
大阪高津の隠士・生白堂行風という人が有馬温泉の湯女について書いている。
・仁西(にんさい)上人が温湯を再興した時(1190年頃)に、十二坊舎を立てて、諸国から集まる人々の入湯を差配させた。
・湯から上がらぬものなどがいたので、湯入りの支配で各坊二名の湯女を置いた。時を経て、一の湯、二の湯に十坊ずつあったので、合計40人の湯女がいた。この時の湯女は、棒を持って湯から出るように促した人であった。
・入湯の男女が五畿七道から押しよせるので、宿の数は増えたが、どこの宿の客は何坊の支配と定めて、諍いを起こさないようにした。
・入浴の種類は幕を引かせて他人を入れない留湯から、追い込みまである。追い込みでは、
「賤のお、しつの女までも、蟻のごとくに集り入」とあり、湯女は「あがれあがれ」と叫んだという。ゆったりした雰囲気ではなくえらい賑わいだった。
・湯女が非番の時は、盃を取り交わし、今様を唄うなど「色に惑う人の心、今更ならず」と書かれている。
一方、「有馬紀行たたひ越(1779年)」(近江の儒医で俳人の三宅嘯山の作)に書かれている湯女は、入湯の差配が仕事で地味だ。「夕さり、湯女が案内に。初めて温泉に浴す云々。かけ湯をして入湯、胸の辺りまでの深さ。湯女なるものの風俗は、思ひに違いて花やかならず。未笄(こうがい)をさる年比なるも、みな歯そめ、帯前に結て姥めかせるは、昔よりのならわしなりとそ。」と書かれている。
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