The
shogunate permitted westerners to
stay at five port towns such as Yokohama three years ago. Foreigners moved
freely in a limited area, but some were attacked by samurai.
Cholera and measles went around in the summer.
Yoshino’s village didn’t suffer from cholera in a pandemic of 1858, however
villages were damaged in that year.
The shogunate was broken down five years
later; the society was unstable and the traffic of samurai became busy. “Rude”
and “violence” were mentioned even in this farmer’s diary.
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1310509?tocOpened=1
4年前に横浜等を開港していますが、攘夷というか外国人の襲撃事件が続きました。8月に生麦事件、12月に高杉晋作らの英公使館の焼き討ちが起きています。その上、夏にはコレラと麻疹（はしか）が流行しました。安政コレラの影響は受けなかった村ですが、この年は被害を受けました。また、世情が不安定になっているのか、「不埒（ふらち）」「狼藉」という文言も目立ってきました。
January、1月
On the New Year’s Day, Yoshino was summoned
to Sukegou meeting. However, no village could dispatch
carriers and horses to the past town. Of course, it was!
Next day, Yoshino gathered
villagers and announced the outline of the meeting; villagers had to help the
traffic. The allowance was $15 for a carrier and $26 for a horse with a driver.
*Sukegou:
It was the system for keeping the traffic and logistics of kaidou (highway). In the case of
shortage of carriers and horses of the post town, neighboring villages
(Sukegou) dispatched workers and horses. “Suke” means helping or supporting,
“gou” means villages. Yoshino’s village was designated “Sukegou” of Kogane post
town on Mito-kaidou.
元旦から、助郷相談の招集がかかりましたが、人を出せる村はありませんでした。翌日、主は村人に、助郷に励むことと賃金（人足は314文、馬は524文の予定、幕末の一文は5円相当と言われています）を伝達しました。
https://www.loc.gov/item/2020634051/
On the 8th, villagers took an
afternoon off for catching rabbits. On the 24th, Naohachi caught
a raccoon dog, so they took an afternoon off. Those were heartwarming
topics during the unrest time.
村の行事である鎮守奉謝や天神奉謝などは行われています。この年は、村からは久七さんの子の栄次郎さんが12日に伊勢参宮に出立しました。
8日は昼から兎捕り休日、24日は猶八さんが狸を捕ったので昼から休日、とあります。こういう記述を見るとホッとしますね。
February、2月
On the 25th, Kiuemon’s mother departed
for a pilgrimage to Chichibu which is around 80km west of their village. It
was a very popular tour to visit thirty-four temples there. She traveled
thirty days. I’m sure it was an unforgettable trip for her.
https://www.loc.gov/item/2020634064/
25日、喜右衛門さんの母が秩父参詣に出発しました。帰村は翌月24日。30日間の旅です。伊勢へ往復できる日数。いい旅、いや参詣でしたね。秩父三十四観音霊場巡りは、当時から憧れのコースです。
March、3月
On the 5th, Yoshino was summoned by
the samurai officer and attended the meeting. The meeting was held frequently. He
recorded “32-mon ($1.50) for tea and 132-mon ($6) for sake (alcohol)” on the
day: it was rare that sake charge was recorded. Unfortunately, the officer
didn’t continue the sake party.
On the 17th,
Yoshino hired a female helper from Nadukari village which is just 2km away. He
paid in advance, however she often went home without permission. He complained,
so her mother sometimes came to work instead of her. It was seldom that
Yoshino’s helper escaped. She was fired at the end of the year. It happens often
now.
5日、関東取締出役の指示伝達の寄合がありました。しばしば開かれるのですが、茶代32文に加えて、酒132文が記録されています。この寄合で酒代がつくのは珍しいです。この後、毎回飲み会になるのかと思いきや、そうではありませんでした。
17日、名都借村のおしちさんの奉公話があり、前金を渡しました。吉野家の奉公人で逃げ出す人は少ないのですが、彼女は居着かなくて、母親が代わりに働きに来るなど大変でした。年末までの奉公となりました。
April、4月
Sunny weather continued. On the 17th,
Nakashichi of Naka village came and proposed to have an event praying for
rain; six villages would join. Omoi village had decided to dispatch someone
to Raijin (thunder god). On the 19th, Yoshino attended the event in
Yakushi temple. Then it started to rain in the next evening, and
continued four days. It’s mysterious.
On the 18th, villagers of Maehirai
brought sake and asked Yoshino to give them water in the pond. He accepted it.
Equipment
of praying rain、雨乞いの道具 @Saitama Prefectural Museum of History and Folklore 埼玉県立歴史と民俗の博物館
晴天が続きました。17日、中村の仲七さんが来て、六か村集まって、雨請いをしたいと申し出ました。思井村からは、雷神へ代表者を送るとのこと。19日、主は薬師院での雨請いに参加。すると、翌日夜から四日間、降雨がありました。不思議なものです。18日に、前平井村の源三郎さんらが酒を少々持って来て、池の水をくださいと主に頼み、承知しています。
May、5月
On the 24th, he got a letter from
his son who worked for Ishino (samurai) in Atago, Edo (old name of Tokyo). It’s
nice!
24日、愛宕下の石野民部様御屋敷の英次さん（息子）からの書状を幸便（こうびん、他の手紙類との混載便）にて受け取りました。嬉しい、まさに、幸便ですね。
https://www.loc.gov/item/2020634253/
Jun、6月
The sunny day continued after rice planting. Yoshino
went to a shrine in Omoi and welcome a delegate who went to Ibaraki prefecture
and prayed for raining. The offering charge is written: $240 in total
and Yoshino’s village paid $23.
Happily enough, it was heavy rain next day;
light rain continued until the afternoon of three days later. Their prayers
succeeded two times, and they didn’t lose. I think the lucky enhanced their
faith. Talking about short term weather, we have no choice except for praying.
Event
of praying rain、埼玉の雨乞い行事 @Saitama Prefectural Museum
of History and Folklore 埼玉県立歴史と民俗の博物館
田植の後、また晴天続きです。21日、思井村の鎮守へ行きました。一昨日、常州野奈村へ雨乞い護摩に行った人が戻ったのです。費用が書いてあります。総額4貫844文（一文五円とすると2万四千円）、当村分465文。翌日大雨、翌々日昼まで小雨。今年の雨乞いは二戦二勝。どうにもならないことは神様にお願いするしかありません。叶うと信仰が深まるのだと思います。
July、7月
On the 9th, Yoshino
held a memorial service for Gisaburou (helper) who died two years ago. He treated
the helper reverently and politely.
On the 23rd, he
was informed of the death of Akijirou’s daughter (villager). Thereafter,
villagers died one after another. On the 26th, it is written that all of
Otojirou family got illness. It was cholera!
9日に使用人だった義三郎さんの三回忌。手厚いですね。
お盆が明けた23日、「秋次郎女子、今朝相果て」とあります。その後、死者が続きました。26日には、「乙次郎方、家内中病気」と書かれています。コレラです。
List
of the dead people (except for old people、老人を除く)
|
No |
Date |
Name |
Remarks |
|
1 |
23/Jul. |
(a
girl of Akijirou family) |
|
|
2 |
27/Jul. |
Otojirou’s
mother |
|
|
3 |
29/Jul. |
Akijirou’s
wife |
|
|
4 |
1/Aug. |
Otojirou’s
daughter |
4-year-old |
|
5 |
2/Aug |
Oura
in Komagida Vil. |
Relative |
|
6 |
5/Aug |
Monjirou’s
wife in Naka Vil. |
|
|
7 |
12/Aug. |
Taruya’s
daughter |
Nagareyama |
|
8 |
23/Aug |
Otojirou’s
wife |
|
|
9 |
29/Aug |
Shigezou’s
baby |
Measles |
All of the deceased were
female. Otojiro lost his wife, mother and daughter, plus his baby died
on the 5th of the next month. Oura (No.5) was a married woman from
Yoshino family: Yoshino’s mother visited her often and she came to his house
often together with her children. She was in her twenties. How sad!
They held goma ritual (burn small
pieces of holy wood before a Buddhist altar and pray) on the 27th of
July, Yoshino visited Kawasaki-Taishi temple and prayed on the 7th
of August, and they bought herbal medicine on the 20th of August.
However, they didn’t seem to know the countermeasures of the infectious disease;
they gathered at funerals and burials. It was still a pre-modern era.
女性が亡くなっています。乙次郎さんは、妻、母、娘を失い、更に、翌月5日に小児を失いました。8月2日になくなったおうらさんは、吉野家から嫁いだ人。母がしばしば訪ねたし、おうらさんも小さな子供を連れて度々吉野家に来ました。宗門改帳によるとおうらさんはまだ二十歳台でした。厳しい。
護摩を焚いたり（7/27）、川崎大師にお参りをしたり（8/7）、医師に漢方薬をもらったり（8/20）しました。しかし、伝染病対策をしているようではなく、密になる葬儀や埋葬（土葬）も行ったので、やむを得ません。
Yoshino’s daily life 01,
About Yoshino and background 吉野家とその頃
Yoshino’s daily life 02,
Life and fun of Yoshino family 吉野家の暮らしと楽しみ
The
details of their live which includes farming and visiting neighbors are written
in No.13 - No.25 (1851)、農事や近所付き合いを含む日々の詳細は1851年の日記の記事（No.13～25）に記載しています。
Yoshino’s daily life 13, The
first half of January in 1851（嘉永4年1月前半）
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