Okaya, which is in central Japan (Nagano prefecture), was a production center of silk threads. There is a silk factory in the same facility. Although the museum mainly exhibits the history of the silk manufacturing, I’m interested in female workers. There were so many female workers in the early 20th century. It was the cutting-edge occupation back then.
かつて生糸製造の中心地であった諏訪湖沿岸の岡谷市にある博物館です。工場が併設されています。製造技術や設備の歴史が展示の中心ですが、工女さんに注目しました。最盛期は大正時代前後。東京で働くバスガールには及びませんが、時代の先端を行く仕事だったと思います。
Various manufacturing machines are set.
生糸製造の展示が並びます。
The section above is about female workers. Half of Okaya people were them in the peak time. A curator explained because I join the tour of the museum in the nearby city.
工女さんたちのコーナー。製糸工場で働いた工女さんたちは岡谷の人口の半分を占めました(大正期)。松本市立博物館のツアーでいったので、学芸員さんが説明してくださいました。
They started working at 5:30 AM and ended at 6:30 PM in 1903. They took a break for breakfast and lunch.
工女さんの仕事は朝5時半から夜6時半まで(1903年)。途中で朝食と昼食をとります。
The tableware of the employee cafeteria and the menu in 1925 are displayed. Rice, pickled vegetables and miso soup were mainly served, but fish or corned beef were done for lunch. Their meal was better than ordinary people's one, because millet were mixed in rice back then.
食堂の食器と1925年の献立表が展示されています。ご飯、漬物、味噌汁が中心ですが、米飯であり、昼には魚やコーンビーフが付くので当時としてはよかったと思います。
After the factory law came into force in 1916, their working conditions improved so much. Two days off a month, reduction of working hours, utilization of leisure time and expansion of welfare facilities were carried out.
Many of female works were from middle-teens to early twenties. They learned sewing (upper left) and Japanese language (reading, writing and so on) during free time. Plus, they went to theater and shopping (cosmetics, accessories, sweets and so on. photo at lower left). There was also a sports day (lower right). They sat down while working which caused visceral disease, so a hospital was built for them.
A skilled worker, who could made high-grade silk shreds (uniform and straight), was precious. The factory owners scrambled to recruit them. Therefore, they probably took good care of workers. The inn's landlady on the way to Okaya remembered “Female workers looked so beautiful, because people in a mountainous area wore ragged clothes. I longed for them who worked in a silk mill factory.” She also went to a city to work. However, she returned in a year because of heavy work.
Reference: Matsumoto City Open-Air Architectural Museum: Inn for female workers
1916年に工場法が施行されると、月2回の定休、終業時間の短縮、余暇の利用、福利厚生施設の拡充が進みました。
工女さんは10代半ばから20代前半の人が多いです。工女さんたちは、余暇の時間に裁縫や国語を学び(左上)、演劇鑑賞や買い物(化粧品、小間物、菓子など/左下)も楽しみました。運動会もありました。また、座り仕事の工女さんは内臓の病気が多く、病院も建てられました。
長く勤め、節がなく均一な太さの生糸をとれる熟練の工女さんは貴重な存在。工女の奪い合いも起きるほどで、大切にされたと思います。野麦峠にある工女宿のおかみさんは、「泊まってく工女がとっても美しく見えてね。田舎の者は、ボロを着てみなれねシコ(格好)したったで、製糸家へ行ったらこんねに美しくなるずらかと思って憧れた」とのことです。でも、自分が岡谷市へ働きに行ってみると、たいへんで、1年で戻って来てしまいました。
参考:松本市歴史の里・工女宿
When female workers returned to their home town, factory owner gave souvenir (mochi cake and carp, which meant to come back again) to them. The curator told us, who made our tour fun and interesting.
帰省する工女さん。手荷物は工場からのおみやげ(餅と鯉)を持って帰ります。仕事をやめず、「もちっと来い」という意味ですって。学芸員さんがいると観覧が楽しくなりますね。
The factory of Miyasaka Silk Reeling co.、(株)宮坂製糸所の製糸工場
Silk thread is made by hand in this room.
この部屋では手作業で糸を繰っています。
Golden silk thread is made from golden cocoon; so beautiful!
こちらは大型機械を使っていますが、天然の金色の生糸ができています。美しいですね。
There are four kinds of machines; each one makes its particular thread.
装置によって、糸の太さや柔らかさが違います。展示用に4種類の機械があるのではなく、それぞれの役割があったのですね。
It says, “It is hard work because of heat while boiling cocoons.” I guess the smell also bothers workers. It is written 2,200 cocoons and 70kgs mulberry leaves are needed to make one roll of silk fabric (13m long, 42cm wide). Chrysalis in cocoon become food (lower right).
繭を煮るので、暑さがつらいと書かれていますが、匂いも染みつきそうですね。絹織物一反(13m)を作るには、繭が2,200粒、桑の葉が70kg必要なんですって。繭の中のサナギは食用になります(右下)。
Chrysalis simmered in sweetened soy sauce (tsukudani) are sold in the factory shop. It has been normal in Nagano prefecture (inland) to eat insects as protein source. Entomophagy is getting attention as eco-friendly food at present.
ファクトリーショップでさなぎ佃煮が販売されていました。山国信州では昆虫食は当たり前。普通のスーパーでもイナゴやサナギの佃煮を売っています。餌が少なく、環境に優しい動物性蛋白源として注目されていますね。
Visited in September, 2025
Official website: https://silkfact.jp/en/
https://silkfact.jp/ (in Japanese), accessed in November, 2025
Previous post (museum in the same prefecture): Tohyamagoh folklore museum “Wada Castle”、遠山郷郷土館「和田城」
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in the same city): Toshima-ya museum、豊島屋資料館(長野県) (Coming
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