The museum is at Tsuruoka City which is in northern Japan and near the Japan Sea. Tsuruoka used to be a castle city in which Sakai clan (feudal lord/daimyo) has resided. The museum was established based on the donations of the land, buildings and cultural assets from Sakai clan.
It shows us not only samurai’s culture but
also people’s one; there are abundant exhibits about everyday lives,
which this blog focuses on. Especially, the "bandori", which is a cushion that is placed in between the back and a heavy load. This is colorful and impressive necessity when carrying heavy objects especially in distance. Many
types of wooden containers for sake (alcohol) are also attractive. Those tell
us how people enjoyed their lives. Photos were taken
under the permission of the museum office, and this article was uploaded under
its approval.
山形県鶴岡市は、庄内藩の鶴ヶ岡城があった武家の町です。致道博物館は、旧藩主・酒井家が土地、建物、文化財を寄付して設立されました。
武家の文化だけではなく、本ブログに関連する民俗資料が大量に展示されています。特に「バンドリ」という背中に背負う荷物から背中を保護するクッションには、多彩なデザインが施されていて印象的でした。木製の酒器も多種多量に展示されています。博物館の許可を得て撮影、及び掲載しました。
There are seven buildings at the site. The white building was a local government office.
敷地には７棟の建物があります。上の写真は、旧鶴岡警察署庁舎のバルコニーから望む旧西川郡役所。
Storehouse of traditional folk implements、民具の蔵（旧御隠殿土蔵）
The building above was the storehouse for armor, furniture and so on. It stores many folk implements now.
かつて酒井家の武具や調度品類を収納していた土蔵には、民具が展示されています。
The photo above is models of Kitamae-bune, which were cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea during the Edo period (1603～1868). Those were major means of mass transport back then.
入って右側には、江戸時代の物資輸送の主役だった北前船に関する資料が展示されています。
Captains kept clothes in hangai (wodden box) and valuables in choubako. Those are water-proof boxes, “Funa (ship) -tansu (chest)“.
The hand warmer on the left has a charcoal brazier in it. It is able to be used even in a swaying ship. Sailers warmed their numbed hands. The photo in center shows sailing ships at Kamo port around 1900.
船頭衆は、衣服を半櫃（はんがい）に、貴重品を懸硯（かけすずり）と帳箱に入れました。優れた防水性を持つ船箪笥です。
左側の「手あぶり」は、船が揺れても中にある火鉢は安定するようにした仕掛けです。多くの船乗りがかじかんだ手を温めたのでしょう。上の写真は、明治30年代の加茂港。帆船がつながれています。
Important official documents were kept in a choubako. The passport was required in order to go through checkpoints. The license showed the ship name, load capacity and so on.
帳箱に入れられた出船手形と船鑑札。出船手形は、海の通行手形です。船鑑札には、船名や積載量が記載されています。
Signboards on the right were at the shops of merchants designated by the local government (han). They sold Korean ginseng, oil, tofu, koji malted rice and so on. The han enhanced wax production; manufacturing equipment are on the left.
反対側には、御用商人の看板（朝鮮人参、油、豆腐、糀など）、庄内藩が力を入れた製蝋用具などが所狭しと展示されています。
The wax was made from nuts of lacquer trees, but a nut contains small amount of wax in it (only 1% of its weight). People gathered nuts in late autumn, grinded them, steamed them, then pressed them, and finally got wax. It was a painstaking process with around ten steps. Farmers did it in winter which is an agricultural offseason. I’m sorry they didn’t have enough time to relax.
漆の実から作る漆蝋は、実百貫から蝋１貫しか採れないという精製作業でした。晩秋に採取した実を粉にして、蒸して、麻袋に入れ蝋を絞り出しました。十工程ぐらいあるたいへんな作業です。農閑期の冬の仕事でしたから、お百姓さんたちがノンビリできる期間はなかったでしょうね。
Storage of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties、重要有形民俗文化財収蔵庫
There are 3,550 items, amazing!
3,550点、仰天の収蔵量でした。
Fishing implements at river (front) and at sea (back) are on the 1st floor.
一階は、川の漁具（手前）と海の漁具（奥）が展示されています。
Many cages (dou) are exhibited as river fishing tools.
川の漁具として、魚を捕まえるドウが多数展示されています。
Fishermen made the cages by themselves. They set cages in the evening, and pulled up them in the early morning. The fun of fishing is said to be worth everything.
自作のドウを夕方仕掛けて、早朝に上げます。漁の楽しみは何事にも代えがたいようです。
Hooks for sea fishing are well devised. It’s a battle of ideas between human and fish.
海用の釣り針は工夫がいっぱい。人と魚の知恵比べです。
Lunch boxes are in the shelf. Fishermen prepared for a storm and brought a big one. The lid of the lunch box on the upper right was able to be used as a cutting board.
棚に収められているのは、弁当箱の数々。シケに備えて、大きな弁当箱を持っていきました。蓋がまな板になっているもの（右上）もありました。
Fishes were sold by housewives. They carried a "furikago" (a load carrier) and sold around in the mountainous villages. It weighed around 30 kgs. Their regular customers waited for them for those fresh fishes. It was used until 1920s when a handcart took its place of it.
獲った魚は主婦が売りさばきました。30kgにもなる「ふりかご」を担いで、山を越えて行商しました。得意先の家々では新鮮な魚を心待ちにしていたそうです。昭和の初めにリアカーが普及するまで使われました。
The photo above are New Year’s decolations in Tobishima (island), Ebisu (god) ships. People prayed for safety and big catch. They made a model (around 15cm long) when they built a new ship. Fishermen worked at the risk of their lives.
エビス舟は、安全と豊漁を祈る、飛島の正月飾りです。舟を新造した時に15cmぐらいの小さな舟を作り、飾り付けて祀ります。海の漁は命がけですからね。
In a fixed net fishing of salmon, a dozen men got on a ship.
鮭の定置網漁の様子です。十数人が乗り込みました。
The wooden tablets are for memorial services of salmon. Holding a memorial service for fishes would be a custom peculiar to Japan. People thank to salmon, so the ceremony continues even until now. Salmon are crucial fish; various customs are written on the panel.
鮭の供養塔が展示されていました。獲った魚を供養するのは日本独特の風習だと思います。感謝の気持ちです。大漁の時の千本供養は今も続いています。鮭は、生活を左右する魚。パネルには、鮭漁に関する様々な風習が書かれています。
Rich collection of lacquered wooden casks for sake (alcohol) and work clothes welcomes us at the basement.
階段を降りると、酒器、仕事着のコレクションが迎えてくれます。大量です。
Rabbit casks in front and horn ones in back have handles which look like ears or horns.
手前が兎樽、奥が角樽です。二本の柄が耳や角に似ています。祝い酒の贈答に使われました。
The casks above are called millor casks..
こちらは、鏡樽。
The cuboid casks are well-made in order to prevent from leaking. Samurai, wealth merchants and farmers used them. There are many exhibits anyway.
指物の指樽。漏れないようにできているのですね。武家階級や豪商、豪農の家で用いられていました。とにかく大量の展示です。
There are two sword-shaped casks behind the large sake cup. It’s the first time for me to see a sword cask.
大盃の奥にあるのが、刀形の酒器。はじめて見ました。
The chic casks above were used during a picnic. There are crescent casks (left) and cylindrical ones (right) and so on. People brought them and enjoyed sakura cherryblossom veiwing. It is written, “The casks seem to show us how people welcomed the spring, delighted and enjoyed; a spring frees them from a long and snowy winter.”
遊山用には、粋な三日月形の容器や円筒形の酒筒などがあって、お花見などに持参しました。「長い雪の生活から解放され待ちわびた春を楽しむ人々の歓びが表されているようである」と書かれています。
I’ll show you work clothes next. It is written, “Fine Japanese paper strings were used as the weft of this textile, which, light and resistant to water, was also good for working wear of fishermen.” It’s a classy pattern.
仕事着の展示に移ります。オロコギは、軽くて丈夫な漁村の仕事着（防寒用）として使われました。緯糸は古紙を縒ったもの（和紙のリサイクル）だそうです。粋な柄ですね。
The coat above is made of fibers of wild wisteria vine. It looks durable. It is named "Fuji (wisteria) ko".
藤こは、藤の蔓の繊維を糸にしたものです。こちらは丈夫そう。
The textile of the coat above is named “Zenmai-ori”. It says, “Zenmai is a kind of papoose fern, whose wooly hair was woven into a soft and warm textile.” The thread was made of not only Zenmai hair but also cotton and floss because the hair is too fine. It looks warm and comfortable.
ぜんまいおり。仕事着ですが、ぜんまいの頭部につく綿毛を紡いで織ったものです。繊維が細かいので木綿や真綿と混ぜて糸にしたそうですが、着心地が良いと思います。
Next section is a collection of “bandori”, which is a cushion that is placed in between the back and a heavy load. Even the black-and-white photo above tells us how attractive it was.
It is written, “It
used to be a practice in some villages that an engaged man gave a bandori
to his fiancée. It was made by himself with great care. People put their
heart and soul into making a beautiful bandori which was used in hard
labor.”
次は、荷物を担ぐ時に背当てにするバンドリのコレクションです。
白黒ですが、華やかさが伝わります。「婚約のなった青年が、愛する娘のために丹精こめて作ったきれいなバンドリを贈るという習慣があった村もあり、きびしい労働を支えたバンドリには、こうした美とまごころがこめられている」と書かれていました。
The lad dolls above wear celebratory bandori, and carry bride's articles on their back.
祝いバンドリを着けて、嫁入り道具を運ぶ若勢（わかぜ）。
Do you know why there are holes at the bottom of the balls? The bowls, which are exhibited below bandori, are used to warm steamed rice. People put cold rice in it, poured hot water and drained. Those were indigenous to cold regions.
バンドリの下には、冷たいご飯に湯を注いであたためる湯通しが展示されていました。穴が空いた陶器で、寒冷地ならではですね。
In mountain villages, people carved out from woods and made various utensils such as a mortar. The photo on the lower right is a manger for feeding to a horse or a cow. You can see plenty of exhibits here.
木を削って作ったくりものは、山村の用具でした。臼など様々な用具が展示されています。右下は牛馬の飼料を入れる「うまだれ」です。大量の展示物を見ることができます。
Visited in October, 2022
Official website: https://www.chido.jp/ (in Japanese), accessed
in January, 2023
Previous post (museum in the neighboring prefecture, Niigata): Oshagiri festival
museum、おしゃぎり会館
Next post (part2
of this museum): Chido Museum (2/2)、致道博物館 part2
Comments
Post a Comment