Very good
★★★ ,very informative
The price rose, so in 1851, the accommodation
fee of high class Hatago was 400 Mon, but it was about 200$ (current value). I
think it was not bad.
Travels for nobles were done in spring and autumn;
those were good seasons for walking. In the Edo period many farmers traveled
from January to March, because it was the best season for farmers since it was
off-season for farming. The data below was interesting which shows the number
of travelers from Kagawa prefecture to Ise.
4. Actual state of people’s travel
(1) The
number of the group of travelers
The owners of inns wanted to avoid a solo
traveler because it brought them a big trouble if the traveler died in inns.
Therefore parties with two or three people were usual, but there were big
parties which had more than ten people.
In some
parties, members came from several villages, so they didn’t know each other.
The traveling concreted their relationship so much. They were called
“Doukou-shu”, “Dokou” means traveling together, “shu” means people.
The travel
reinforces the relationship of group members even now. For example the member
of some research travels to foreign countries gather regularly and have parties.
The group travel is difficult, but I am sure it is a big fun; a merry companion
is a wagon in the way.
In kou group tours, two or three delegates traveled to
the shrine or the temple, and they could travel even in the case of famine
because they had a fund.
Travelers were mainly heads of families, for example
94% of travelers were heads of families in Iyokomatsu-han in Ehime prefecture.
Wealthy village head could have family tours.
At first, people submitted to the local
government or han in order to get a passport.
Lots of send-off parties were
held then, so it is written, “Before the departure day and after the arrival
day, they couldn’t work at all”.
According to the record of the northern Japan
(Shirakwa), merchants had gorgeous parties, however the parties were so simple in
the countryside, just drinking cups of sake or Japanese rice wine.
The family
members couldn’t contact the travelers if they didn’t have enough money to dispatch
messengers. The family just prayed for the safety.
(3) The route of travelers
(3) The route of travelers
People changed the route to go and to return
in order to see various areas. In the case of visiting Ise shrine, people used
two routes which were Tokaido and Nakasendo.
(4) Fun
and effects of travels
The effects of the travel in the Edo period
are written as follows.
“Among their poor daily life,
the travel was a breakthrough. The experiences of the travel varied, so each
traveler had his/her own experience which was treasure. When people talked
about their travels, their eyes would have shone and they would have talked enthusiastically.”
In the script of the old performance
called “Kyogen”, it was written “Everyone tells seriously to me, if you don’t
travel while you are young, you would have no interesting topic when you become
old”. After hearing that, the young man departed to the capital, Kyoto
immediately. He was about fifteen years old, the title of Kyogen was
“Ima-mairi” (“Ima” means “now” and “mairi” means “going”). Obviously people were happy because
they traveled. Young people were forced to travel, because traveling also provided
them educational benefits.
The traveling also moderated the
difficulties of lives because travels gave a unique and luxurious experience.
Those stories of travels were handed down to younger generation.
As described above, the author
insists on the necessity of travel. It is interesting that the travel must be
the big event in their lives and it would have eventually become the tradition
of the family.
(5) The term and expense of the travel
People needed plenty of time for
traveling because there were no cars and trains. The round trip from Edo to
Kyoto needed one month. (The distance between Edo and Kyoto is about 500km.)
The travel from remoted areas to Kyoto needed half a year. In the case of walking
around Japan, it was needed more than three years.
With regard to the accommodation
cost, the fee of “Kichin-yado” was cheap although the meals were excluded. The
accommodation fee in Shizuoka in 1710s was shown below.
Class
|
Bed
without meals
(Kichin-yado)
|
Bed
with meals
(Hatago)
|
High
|
72~100 Mon
|
173~300 Mon
|
Medium
|
48~70 Mon
|
148~164 Mon
|
Low
|
32~45 Mon
|
108~140 Mon
|
The transportation fee for a ferry was about
50 Mon, the fee for horse ride for one station was about 200 Mon. On the other hand, fee for
comfort women in a post town was about 200 Mon. Labor cost was cheap at that
time.
The total cost of the travel was about five to ten
ryo at that time. One ryo was equivalent to 150kg of rice, so it was 400$ in
current value. People could travel within 4,000$. However people could earn only
one ryo a year if they worked for a helper or a maid. They needed ten years to
save ten ryo for traveling, so it was a big event for them.
Traveling by horse, 成田観光館 Traveling by kago or palanquin, 成田観光館 |
(6)
Funding for the travel
In the case of kou, the
deposit was spent for traveling. However some people sold their lands, some lent money from a travel agency called Oshi. I can’t
understand why people went to travel by doing such things. How
important the travel was!
For the local government han, the
travelers spent money in other areas, so the han limited the term and number of
travelers. The han didn’t approve the travel of people who didn’t pay the tax. Despite of the restriction, people continued
traveling. The han didn’t restrict much because the han was afraid of people’s uprising.
(7)
Season for traveling
Year
|
Jan
to Mar
|
Apr
to Jun
|
Jul
to Sep
|
Oct
to Dec
|
Total
|
1782
|
124
|
20
|
41(29)*
|
1
|
186
|
1836
|
102
|
11
|
3(1)*
|
0
|
116
|
* figure
in ( ) was it of July (post seeding season)
Followed by winter which was
off-season for farmers, post seeding season was the best season for traveling.
Many farmers visited not only Ise but also cities where summer festivals were
held such as Gion festival in Kyoto and Kangen festival in Miyajima.
Climbing
the sacred mountains such as Mt. Fuji was carried out in summer because the
snow in the mountains was little. The merchants and wealthy farmers traveled in
spring and autumn. Those were comfortable seasons for traveling, I can say that
they enjoyed traveling enough.
4.庶民の旅の実態
(1)旅の同行者数について。
一人旅は客死の時に困るので宿主が嫌っており、友人など二三人でのグループ旅行が普通だったそうだ。
10人を超える団体旅行も珍しくなく、数か村の未知の人々が旅を共にすることも少なくなかったという。旅の仲間は「同行衆」と呼ばれ強固な基礎単位になった。今も海外視察ツアー仲間というのがあるが、旅は人のつながりを強める。人数が多いと、病気や遅れるものも出て大変だと思うが、旅は道づれ、多人数の旅行は楽しいと思う。講参りでは、代表者2,3人によるものが多く、積立金で飢饉の時にも参詣に行けた。
旅に出るのは家長であり、伊予小松藩から厳島神社への参詣者は、94%が家長であった。でも、豊かな庄屋では家族旅行をすることも珍しくはなかった。
(2)旅立ち
旅立ちは、藩に届け出て、往来手形をもらってからとなる。送別会が行われ、「出立前十日、帰宅後十日位は、家業も農事も手につかなかった」とある。奥州白川の伊勢参宮の記録によると、町方では、酒食を用意した極めて派手な見送りだったが、村方では、酒を酌み交わす地味な見送りだったそうだ。旅の間は、飛脚を雇えないと音信不通になる。残った家族は、旅の無事を祈り、氏神に日参したり、門口に魚の頭をぶら下げたり(岩手県)した。
(3)旅のコース
旅のコースは、往復で街道を変え、見聞を広げる場合が多い。行きは東海道、帰りは中山道など。
(4)旅の効用
「閉ざされた村に入る情報といえば、乞食とか芸人等からの旅人等から伝えられるものが多かった」という。流浪人にも、と書いては失礼だが、役割があり、価値があった。
続いて、著者が思う江戸時代の旅の本質が書かれている。「このような貧しい人生体験と生活の日常性を破るものが旅であり、更に旅の見聞と体験は人さまざまであるから、旅こそがその人にとり誇りうる唯一の宝であった。人は旅の話をする時、ひとみは俄に輝き、その憶い出は口をついてよどみなく流れた。『…誠にみな人の仰せらるるには、若い時旅を致さねば、年寄ての物語りが、無いと仰せらるるによって』と、ふと思い立って都に旅立ったのは、狂言”今参”の中に見える元服を終えた一人の冠者であった。じっさい旅をせねば話題にも窮し、世間を狭く暮らさねばならぬこともあった。一生一度の参宮や成人式に旅を義務付けたのも、旅のもつ教育的効果を重視したからであり、旅をして初めて、いわば義務教育を終えるのだった。旅人は情報が貧困な当時、最大の文化の伝播者であった。また旅は、民衆の長い人生行路におけるただ一つの奢りの追憶として、その後の苦労や辛労の緩和剤となった。さらには、それは折にふれて子や孫に語りつがれて時代の旅を誘発していった。」 筆者の思いが強いが、語り草になるし、何としても語り草にするしかない「旅」は大イベントだったし、子や孫に伝えられていったことが面白い。
(5)旅の日数と旅費
昔の旅は時間がかかった。江戸と京の往復でひと月、遠国からの畿内旅行は半年になる。長い旅は日本一周で、3年以上に及んだ。
旅費について。木賃宿は安く、食事付きの旅籠との差は、最大で100倍となる。東海道府中宿(静岡)の正徳年間(1710年代)の宿賃は三段階に分類されていて、
ランク
|
素泊り
(木賃宿)
|
賄付き
(旅籠)
|
上
|
72文~100文
|
173文~300文
|
中
|
48文~70文
|
148文~164文
|
下
|
32文~45文
|
108文~140文
|
旅費は時代とともに昂騰し、嘉永四年(1851年)には、上旅籠400文、下旅籠300文と約2倍になった。しかし、100文を500円とすると上旅籠で一泊二万円だ。悪くない。
交通手段としては、歩く旅がほとんどだが、渡し賃は、熱田と桑名の間で50文程度、大井川の人足渡しは約100文・蓮台渡しはその数倍、道中馬は宿場間で200文見当、それに、遊女や飯盛女の揚げ代は約200文、と書かれているが、100文500円換算なら安いと思う。人件費が安かったのか。
旅費の総額でみると、五両から十両というところであったらしい。享保のころ、甲斐から伊勢神宮、高野山、西国巡礼に回った人が7両使ったという記録がある。その他、宝暦10年(1760年)に32人で伊勢に参宮した一行は太々神楽だけで50両を費やしているなど記載されている。10両というのは、米価換算でいうと10石程度、今なら45万円程度で高くはない。しかし、労働量で見ると大変なことになる。享保頃(18世紀前半)の群馬県の農村奉公人の給金は一年一両程度であったとある(賄いつき)。天保の頃の江戸の女中の給金が年一両半。10年働かないと長旅には出られないという額だ。
(6)旅費の調達
講参りの場合は、講金がベースになった。餞別も大きかったらしいが、お互い様なので一種の餞別は負債であったとある。田畑売って旅に出たり、路銀が尽きて御師に借金をしたりなど、それほどまでして旅に出るのか、ということが書かれている。旅費は藩からの資金流出になり、日数や人数の制限、年貢未納があれば許可しないなど規制がなされた。しかし、禁令がでても民衆は旅に出たとデータ付きで書かれている。藩も民衆の反発を恐れて禁令を貫徹する意志を欠いていた、とある。
(7)旅のシーズン
貴族の熊野詣に見られるように、中世までは春秋が旅のシーズンであった。江戸時代になると農閑期の1~3月に集中する。讃岐の国の農民の伊勢参宮に関する面白いデータが載っている。3月単位で参宮者数を纏めたものを記載する。
期間
|
1~3月
|
4~6月
|
7~9月*
|
10~12月
|
年間
|
1782年
|
124
|
20
|
41(29)
|
1
|
186
|
1836年
|
102
|
11
|
3(1)
|
0
|
116
|
*( )内は7月の参宮者
1~3月の次いで、田植えが終わった夏の農閑期が第二の旅行シーズンになる。都市でも6月、7月には夏祭りが多く、地方からの参拝者が集まったという。京都の祇園祭や安芸厳島神社の優美な管弦祭はこの時期に行われる。富士をはじめ霊山登山も雪が少ないこの時期となる。農閑期に旅をしたのが、豪農や商人ということだ。彼らは、季節も良いし空いているし、旅を満喫したのだろう。
5. Travel of women
Women are the main travelers nowadays,
but before World War 2, it was different. In the Edo period, female travels were
restricted by hans (local government). The female travelers who went to Ise were
only accounted for three to seven percent according to the data of Kagawa
prefecture which is 200km away from Ise. If the destinations were far away, the
percentage decreased. In Tohoku area which is 500km away from Ise, no women
went to Ise, although one hundred men visited Ise during one hundred years.
Some places rejected female travelers,
especially the sacred mountains such as Mt. Fuji and Mt. Koyasan.
On the other hand, young ladies traveled
before their marriages. It is written “It was a kindness of parents. Parents thought
that they presented the happiness of freedom to their daughters before marriage.
In the case of guys, they traveled as a ritual before they were recognized as
adults”.
Outfit of travelers, Osaka, 枚方宿鍵屋資料館 |
5.女性と旅
今や女性が旅の主役だが、これは戦後になってからのことである。江戸時代に女性の旅行が各藩によって制限されていた。讃岐からの伊勢参宮の記録では、女性の比率は3~7%となっている。距離が延びると女性の比率はさらに下がり、奥羽塙地方からは100年間に約100名が伊勢に参宮したが、女性はいなかったということである。また、女人禁制の場所があり、富士をはじめ多くの霊山では女性の登山が認められていないし、高野山も女人禁制であった。
その一方で、嫁入り前の参詣が慣習化していたところがあったが、これは嫁入り後の制限された人生の前に、自由を味あわせてやろうとする親心であっただろうと書かれている。なお、男子の場合、成人前の通過儀礼として旅に出すことは良くなされていた。
6. Travel of outsiders
People could go traveling
easily in the Edo period, but poor farmers who didn’t have lands could not join
the kou groups, so it was so difficult for them to enjoy traveling. It was same
in the case of helpers of merchants. Some of them traveled without approval.
They made money by working as helpers on the way, or they asked for
donation during travel. Some of them were sophisticated people like story
tellers, singers or massagers.
It is described about traveling performers.
Some of them were poets. I think Hokusai who was the most famous Ukiyoe painter
was one of them. He drew huge Daruma in Nagoya, it was on the way to Kyoto.
Daruma by Hokusai, 名古屋市博物館 |
People had money so they enjoyed
their lives in the Edo period. Country guys were attracted by city culture. They
had enough money for performers. I was born in Kansai area, and I think we pay
money for performers, so we are not lower class than performers which include
actors and actress.
There were travelers who were called Rikubu.
They traveled across Japan and offered Buddhist sutra which was called
Hokkekyou. They were originally worshippers, however some of them were just
gangsters or beggars. I think some wanderers who sought for freedom left their
villages. In the case of Shikoku henro, local people supported pilgrims, so
many beggars visited to Shikoku which is western Japan.
6.疎外された人々の旅
江戸時代の旅は一般化したとはいえ、小作人など貧農は講に入れなかったし、商家の下男など雇われ人も旅に出られる状況でなかった。彼らが、許可を得ず、伊勢神宮などに行く抜け参り、というものもあった。彼らは、旅の資金を道々の農家の手伝いや物乞いをしながら稼ぐということもあった。
ちなみに、物乞いの種類は多く、謡や太平記語りなどをして稼ぐもの、あんまなどで稼ぐ者もいた。いわゆる旅芸人として、有名無名の芸人が旅をしたことが書かれている。俳人もおり、山頭火をほうふつとさせる。名古屋で大だるまを書いてダルセンと呼ばれた北斎もそうだろうか。人々の余裕ができている。土地の人々も、都市の文化に惹きつけられて彼らを迎えたのである。生活の余裕があるので、芸人に回すお金ができて来る。関西育ちの私は、芸人さんにはお金をあげるもの、私たちの方がえらい、と思っていたし、思っている。
一方で、六十六部、略して六部と呼ばれる旅回りの者がいる。日本66国に法華経を納めるというもので、元来、求道者であったが、暴力六部、乞食六部が増えて行ったという。放浪好きの者が町や村を飛び出したのかと思う。また、地元の人々が接待してくれた四国遍路にも、乞食が多く現れたという。
7. Enthusiastic travel to Ise, “Okage-mairi”
It was said that visiting Ise
shrine and Kansai was a dream of life. “Okage-mairi” was a strange
event that people surged to Ise suddenly. “Okage-mairi” happened in 1650 for
the first time. It occurred almost every 50 years. Even poor people, who could
not go traveling, visited Ise shrine when Okage-mairi started. The trigger of Okage-mairi
was a strange topic such as talismans of the shrine falling down from the sky.
The author wrote “The people’s passion to escape from the real life and to go
to Ise caused Okage-mairi.” People would have wanted to escape from the everyday life sometimes.
It is same even today.
Check ↓
The history of travel of Japanese ordinary people (published in 1971) 1 of 2 庶民と旅の歴史 PartⅠ
Check ↓
The history of travel of Japanese ordinary people (published in 1971) 1 of 2 庶民と旅の歴史 PartⅠ
7.お蔭げ参り
「国民誰しもの悲願である伊勢参宮・上方見物」と言われる中での、伊勢参宮ラッシュ。1650年を皮切りとして、約50年周期で、発生した。通常は旅に出られない雇われ人もこの機に乗じてお伊勢さんに行ったようだ。お札が降ったなどの話がきっかけに、旅が始まる。著者は、「底辺民衆の強い現状逃避への希求と強い参宮熱を、まず第一に理由として指摘したいのである」と記す。人々は村を出たかったのだ。
庶民と旅の歴史(新城常三、1971)
人の楽しみの発見度:★★★
Previous post(PartⅠ of this post): The
history of travel of Japanese ordinary people (published in 1971) 1 of
2 庶民と旅の歴史 PartⅠ
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tourist destination) : Kyoto
city history museum 京都市歴史資料館
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