Shinto shrine and Buddhist temple 神社と寺

Shintoism and Buddhism are the two major religions in Japan. Shintoism originated in Japan. It is a polytheistic religion. Some of its deities are people who created Japan. Other deities reside in mountains, trees, rocks and so on. Therefore Shintoism has the characteristics of animism. Its leader was originally the emperor or Tennou/天皇. The distinctive feature of the shrine is the torii gate. There are no statues of deities in the shrine, but Shinto worshipers believe that shrines are inhabited by deities.

Torii gate of Hofu shrine, Yamaguchi、山口県防府天満宮

Main hall of Hofu shrine、防府天満宮本殿

Buddhism, on the other hand, didn’t originate in Japan but it was practiced in Japan from the mid-6^th century. Buddhism had the philosophy to promote peace and stability of the state, so the Japanese dynasty welcomed it and spread it all over Japan as a national religion. Temples are dedicated to Buddha and/or his disciples. Temples are also training facilities for monks. There are Buddhist statues in the halls of the temples.

Todaiji temple, Nara、東大寺大仏殿

In the Edo period, shrines and temples were popular tourist destinations for ordinary people. Markets were built in front of major shrines and temples, and some places became larger towns. For example, Ujiyamada City is in front of Ise Shrine and Nagano City is in front of Zenkoji Temple. The shrines developed the oshi system, which is an inn plus a travel agency. The oshi was also the name of a person hired to walk around Japan and invite people to his shrine, whereas the temples had pilgrim's lodgings or “Shukubou”, on the temple ground in order to accommodate pilgrims.
（The history of travel of Japanese ordinary people (published in 1971) 1/2 ）

The approach to Zenkoji Temple、善光寺参道

　江戸時代には社寺は庶民にとっても人気の旅行先となり、社寺の前には市が立ち町ができた。神社には御師という旅行代理店兼宿屋があり、寺には宿坊という施設があって、参拝客を迎えた。
（庶民と旅の歴史 PartⅠ）

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Edo period, Meiji period and outline of Japanese history 江戸時代･明治時代、ミニ日本史

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Oshi, Sndachi, Syukubo 御師、先達、宿坊

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Life in Edo, old Tokyo (published in 1959) 江戸生活事典

Very good : ★★★ (this is a long and interesting page) Various entertainments at Edo or old Tokyo in the Edo period are written in this book. I found a lot of fun here. I focus on the fun of common people, so I put aside the fun of Daimyo loads , samurais and rich merchants in this book. In terms of people’s fun, Edo was the paradise definitely. There were a lot of funs in day time and night time. Edo attracted people especially from the country side. I started from my favorite chapter. 　三田村鳶魚（えんぎょ）の著作を事典にしたもの。江戸の生活の様々な楽しみが書かれていて、発見が多い。ここでは庶民の楽しみにフォーカスし、大名、武士、大店の主の楽しみは拾わなかった。　人の楽しみの面からみると、まさに、江戸はパラダイス。昼も夜も出会いも、いろいろなものがあって、人を地方からも引き付ける。気に入った章別にピックアップしていく。 Edo or old Tokyo was very busy city, 熈代勝覧＠三越前 Chapter 7: Daily lives、風俗概要 (1) Seasonal recreation、遊楽 Seasonal recreations are written at first. On the New Year’s Day, people went out to see the sunrise. Also winter is a good season to see Mt.Fuji . ...

The Great Yoshiwara (published in 2018)　吉原はスゴイ

吉原はスゴイ‐江戸文化を育んだ魅惑の遊郭（堀口茉純、 2018 ）人の楽しみの発見度： Excellent ★★★ This book is written about an authorized red-light district Yoshiwara which was in Edo (old name of Tokyo). There are many pictures in this book and you can understand all about Yoshiwara by this small book. The author is a pretty actress who is devoted to Japanese history especially Edo city (https://hoollii.com/). She tries to depict the contribution of Yoshiwara to foster Edo culture. Yoshiwara by Kunisada, 新よし原尾州楼かり / 国貞 http://www.ndl.go.jp/landmarks/details/detail274.html?sights=shinyoshiwara;tokyo=taito 、国会図書館この本は、ほぼすべてのページに浮世絵などの挿絵がある。　前書きで、著者は遊女たちが過酷な労働環境で性的サービスを提供したというブラックな事実を踏まえつつも、江戸文化の形成に貢献したポジティブな側面を伝えたい、と記している。　著者の堀口さんは、執筆時 35 歳の和服が似合う美しい方、 2008 年、江戸文化歴史検定 1 級に史上最年少の 25 歳で合格し「お江戸ル」と称している（ https://hoollii.com/ ）。遊郭・吉原の全てをコンパクトに纏めた良い本だ。 1. What is Yoshiwara? Yoshiwara was north of Edo city and surrounded by rice fields. The area was ...

江戸・明治の性愛の楽しみ

性愛については、赤裸々に書き残す人は少なく、隠語で書かれていることが多いといいます。そりゃそうですよね。でも、いくつかの本には、江戸・明治の人々が性愛をどのように楽しんでいたかが書かれています。私が読んだのはほんの数冊ですが、その中から紹介します。ここでは、ビジネスとしての性愛や同性愛ではなく、日常の男女間の性愛を対象にします。人間に欠かせない楽しみですもんね。ところで、今回は、英文を作れませんでした。私の英語力ではとても対応できない内容なので、英文作成に協力していただけるようでしたら、ぜひ、お声かけ下さい。（ This article “Fun of the eros （性愛） ” is written only in Japanese , because it is too difficult for me to write in English due to lack of vocabulary about eros. If you kindly help me, please let me know. ）古代に書かれた出雲国の風土記には、忌部の温泉に老若男女が集まって市を作り「燕楽（ウタゲ）」をしたことが書かれています。また、常陸国の風土記には、筑波山でカガイがあり、春と秋に、飲食物を携えて山に登り、自由に情交を結んだことが書かれています（「宴と日本人」、伊藤幹治、 1984 ）。男女が楽しむのは、自然の成り行きですね。江戸･明治の性愛の形次に、「売笑三千年史」（中山太郎 _1956 ）から、どんな形で性愛を楽しんでいたかを紹介します。この本は、神話の時代から明治時代までの売笑の歴史を書いた一級品の本だと思います。「売笑」は、「報酬を得るために多数の異性に対し、継続的に許す」ということだそうです。売笑の説明に入る前に、一般の人々の性愛活動について書かれています（第一章、第二節「婚姻の種々相と売笑の発生的関係」）。「江戸・明治の性愛の形」（本項）は、主に、そこから紹介します。【共同婚（乱婚）という習俗】女性は特定の男性に独占されていませんでした。男性も、どの女性とでも OK でした。天下の五奇祭のうち、洛北大原社の雑魚寝、近江筑摩社の鍋被り祭り、越中鵜坂社の尻たた...

Hakone Sekisho check point & Hakone Sekisho Exhibition Hall、箱根関所と箱根関所資料館

Hakone Sekisho check point 箱根関所 There were 53 check points on the kaidou high-way in the Edo period to check passports of domestic travelers. The check point is called “sekisho”. “Hakone Sekisho” was rebuilt in 2004 based on excavation records and historical materials; it is in a mountainous area near Hakone pass. If you approach to Hakone Sekisho from Edo (old name of Tokyo), you walk down to the Ashinoko Lake and you find Hakone Sekisho beside the lake. The fence of the check point is installed even in the mountain. There is a lookout where officials checked ships that go across the lake. 江戸側から行くと、芦ノ湖に下った湖のそばに関所がある。関所の門から、山に向けて柵が伸びている。柵に沿って山側に登っていくと、見張り場所・遠見番所がある。船で関所を回避するものを監視したという。旧東海道から箱根の関所を望む View of Hakone check point from the Lookout、遠見番所からみた関所全景 Edo-side Gate of the check point; the left side is a waiting space called "Sen-nin Damari" in which "Sen-nin" is for one thousand people and "Damari" means a waiting space. 江戸側の門、江戸口御...

Travel of Isabella L. Bird in 1878, part 1　イザベラバードが見た明治初期の日本（1）

Arrival and visiting Asakusa 日本着、そして浅草訪問 Isabella arrived at Yokohama, near Tokyo, in May of 1878. She travelled northern Japan including Hokkaido and western Japan including Ise mainly by rickshaw , then she left Japan in December. This diary was written as letters to her younger sister. She described in detail, so we can understand what happened clearly. She was 46 when she came to Japan, and she hired Japanese lad as an interpreter. I admire her coura ge because she was the first lady foreigner to visit inland. This book is stored up in many libraries and Manga version was issued. She observed various things such as behaviors of Japanese people, plants and stratums meticulously and she elaborated on scenic beauty. I leave those matters to other authors, I would like to focus on the fun of old Japanese which she saw in Japan. The photo of Isabella in 1896 from the exhibition “Voyage of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan” 、1 896 年の...

Fun of Good Old Japanese - 江戸・明治に学ぶ　楽しむ生き方

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